struct syntax, math functions, refactoring

Cargo.lock

@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-rational",
  "num-traits",
+ "paste",
+ "strum",
+ "strum_macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -172,6 +175,12 @@ version = "0.26.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "22030e2c5a68ec659fde1e949a745124b48e6fa8b045b7ed5bd1fe4ccc5c4e5d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "heck"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2540771e65fc8cb83cd6e8a237f70c319bd5c29f78ed1084ba5d50eeac86f7f9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "io-lifetimes"
 version = "0.7.3"
@@ -294,6 +303,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1de2e551fb905ac83f73f7aedf2f0cb4a0da7e35efa24a202a936269f1f18e1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.43"
@@ -362,6 +377,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustversion"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "97477e48b4cf8603ad5f7aaf897467cf42ab4218a38ef76fb14c2d6773a6d6a8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
 version = "10.0.0"
@@ -414,6 +435,28 @@ version = "1.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9e08d8363704e6c71fc928674353e6b7c23dcea9d82d7012c8faf2a3a025f8d0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "strum"
+version = "0.24.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "063e6045c0e62079840579a7e47a355ae92f60eb74daaf156fb1e84ba164e63f"
+dependencies = [
+ "strum_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "strum_macros"
+version = "0.24.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e385be0d24f186b4ce2f9982191e7101bb737312ad61c1f2f984f34bcf85d59"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "rustversion",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
 version = "1.0.99"

complexpr-bin/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,3 +10,7 @@ complexpr = { path = "../complexpr" }
 rustyline = "10.0.0"
 backtrace = "0.3.66"
 rustyline-derive = "0.7.0"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "complexpr"
+path = "src/main.rs"

complexpr-bin/src/main.rs

@@ -61,14 +61,20 @@ fn repl() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     rl.set_helper(Some(h));
     println!("Press {}Ctrl+D{} to exit.", C_BLUE, C_RESET);
     stdlib::load(&mut env.borrow_mut());
+    stdlib::iter::load(&mut env.borrow_mut());
+    stdlib::math::load(&mut env.borrow_mut());
     loop {
         let readline = rl.readline(">> ");
         match readline {
             Ok(line) => {
                 let result = interpret(&line, None, Some(env.clone()), true);
                 match result {
-                    Ok(Value::Nil) => (),
+                    Ok(value) => {
-                    Ok(value) => println!("{}", value.repr()),
+                        if value != Value::Nil {
+                            println!("{}", value.repr());
+                        }
+                        env.borrow_mut().declare("_".into(), value);
+                    }
                     Err(e) => eprintln!("{}Error: {}{}", C_RED, C_RESET, e)
                 }
             }

complexpr/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ edition = "2021"
 num-complex = "0.4.2"
 num-rational = "0.4.1"
 num-traits = "0.2.15"
+strum_macros = "0.24"
+strum = { version = "0.24", features = ["derive"] }
+paste = "1.0.9"

complexpr/src/eval.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, rc::Rc, cell::RefCell};
 
 use num_traits::Pow;
 
-use crate::{value::{Value, Complex, Func, CIterator}, expr::{Stmt, Expr}, token::{TokenType, Token, OpType}, RuntimeError, Position, env::{EnvRef, Environment}};
+use crate::{value::{Value, Complex, func::{Func, CIterator}}, expr::{Stmt, Expr}, token::{TokenType, Token, OpType}, RuntimeError, Position, env::{EnvRef, Environment}};
 
 thread_local!(static PIPE_NAME: Option<Rc<str>> = Some(Rc::from("<pipeline>")));
 thread_local!(static FORLOOP_NAME: Option<Rc<str>> = Some(Rc::from("<for loop>")));
@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ pub fn eval_stmt(stmt: &Stmt, env: EnvRef) -> Result<(), Unwind> {
         Stmt::Return { pos, expr } => {
             let value = eval_expr(expr, env)?;
             return Err(Unwind::Return { pos: pos.clone(), value })
-        }
+        },
+        Stmt::Struct { .. } => todo!(),
     }
     Ok(())
 }

complexpr/src/expr.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt;
 
-use crate::{token::{Token, OpType}, Position};
+use crate::{token::{Token, OpType}, Position, value::Type};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum Stmt {
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub enum Stmt {
     Continue { pos: Position },
     Return { pos: Position, expr: Expr },
     Fn { name: Token, args: Vec<Token>, body: Box<Stmt> },
+    Struct { name: Token, ty: Type, items: Vec<Token> }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for Stmt {
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Stmt {
             Self::Continue { .. } => write!(f, "(continue)"),
             Self::Return { expr, .. } => write!(f, "(return {:?})", expr),
             Self::Fn { name, args, body } => write!(f, "(fn {:?} {:?} {:?})", name, args, body),
+            Self::Struct { name, ty, items } => write!(f, "(struct {:?} #{:?} {:?})", name, ty.id, items),
         }
     }
 }

complexpr/src/interpreter.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ pub fn interpret(src: &str, fname: Option<String>, env: Option<EnvRef>, repl: bo
     } else {
         environ = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Environment::new()));
         stdlib::load(&mut environ.borrow_mut());
+        stdlib::iter::load(&mut environ.borrow_mut());
+        stdlib::math::load(&mut environ.borrow_mut());
     }
 
     let mut result = Value::Nil;

complexpr/src/lexer.rs

@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ impl Lexer {
             "for" => TokenType::For,
             "fn" => TokenType::Fn,
             "let" => TokenType::Let,
+            "struct" => TokenType::Struct,
             "break" => TokenType::Break,
             "continue" => TokenType::Continue,
             "return" => TokenType::Return,

complexpr/src/parser.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{token::{Token, TokenType, OpType}, ParserError, expr::{Stmt, Expr}};
+use crate::{token::{Token, TokenType, OpType}, ParserError, expr::{Stmt, Expr}, value};
 
 pub struct Parser {
     tokens: Vec<Token>,
@@ -11,6 +11,20 @@ impl Parser {
         Self { tokens, repl, idx: 0 }
     }
     
+    pub fn parse(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Stmt>, ParserError> {
+        let mut stmts = vec![];
+        while !self.at_end() {
+            stmts.push(self.statement(!self.repl)?);
+        }
+        Ok(stmts)
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////////
+    //                    //
+    //  Helper functions  //
+    //                    //
+    ////////////////////////
+
     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
         self.idx >= self.tokens.len()
     }
@@ -25,6 +39,11 @@ impl Parser {
         t
     }
 
+    fn expect(&mut self, tokty: TokenType) -> (bool, Token) {
+        let next = self.next();
+        (tokty == next.ty, next)
+    }
+
     fn mk_error<S>(&self, msg: S) -> ParserError where S: Into<String> {
         let token = if self.at_end() {
             self.tokens.last().unwrap()
@@ -42,14 +61,39 @@ impl Parser {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn parse(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Stmt>, ParserError> {
+    fn ident(&mut self) -> Result<Token, ParserError> {
-        let mut stmts = vec![];
+        let next = self.next();
-        while !self.at_end() {
+        match next.ty {
-            stmts.push(self.statement(!self.repl)?);
+            TokenType::Ident(_) => Ok(next),
+            _ => Err(ParserError { message: "Expected identifier".into(), pos: next.pos })
         }
-        Ok(stmts)
     }
 
+    fn commalist<T>(&mut self, terminator: TokenType, parse_item: fn(&mut Parser) -> Result<T, ParserError>) -> Result<Vec<T>, ParserError> {
+        let mut items = vec![];
+        while !self.at_end() && self.peek().ty != terminator {
+            let expr = parse_item(self)?;
+            items.push(expr);
+            self.err_on_eof()?;
+            if self.peek().ty == TokenType::Comma {
+                self.next();
+            } else if self.peek().ty == terminator {
+                break;
+            } else {
+                return Err(self.mk_error(format!("Expected Comma or {:?} after list", terminator)))
+            }
+        }
+        self.err_on_eof()?;
+        self.next();
+        Ok(items)
+    }
+
+    //////////////////
+    //              //
+    //  Statements  //
+    //              //
+    //////////////////
+
     fn statement(&mut self, req_semicolon: bool) -> Result<Stmt, ParserError> {
         let next_ty = &self.peek().ty;
 
@@ -96,6 +140,10 @@ impl Parser {
                 self.next();
                 self.fndef()
             },
+            TokenType::Struct => {
+                self.next();
+                self.structstmt()
+            },
             _ => {
                 // fallback to an expression terminated with a semicolon
                 let expr = self.assignment()?;
@@ -112,11 +160,9 @@ impl Parser {
             self.err_on_eof()?;
         }
 
-        let next = self.next();
+        match self.expect(TokenType::Semicolon) {
-
+            (true, _) => Ok(stmt),
-        match next.ty {
+            (false, _) => Err(self.mk_error("Missing semicolon after statement"))
-            TokenType::Semicolon => Ok(stmt),
-            _ => Err(self.mk_error("Missing semicolon after statement"))
         }
 
     }
@@ -196,9 +242,8 @@ impl Parser {
             return Err(ParserError { message: "Expected identifer in function declaration".into(), pos: name.pos })
         };
         self.err_on_eof()?;
-        let next = self.next();
+        if !self.expect(TokenType::LParen).0 {
-        if let TokenType::LParen = next.ty {} else {
+            return Err(self.mk_error("Expected left parenthesis to start arguments list"))
-            return Err(ParserError { message: "Expected left parenthesis to start arguments list".into(), pos: next.pos })
         }
         let args = self.commalist(TokenType::RParen, Self::ident)?;
         self.err_on_eof()?;
@@ -206,14 +251,6 @@ impl Parser {
         Ok(Stmt::Fn { name, args, body: Box::new(body) })
     }
 
-    fn ident(&mut self) -> Result<Token, ParserError> {
-        let next = self.next();
-        match next.ty {
-            TokenType::Ident(_) => Ok(next),
-            _ => Err(ParserError { message: "Expected identifier".into(), pos: next.pos })
-        }
-    }
-
     fn block(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ParserError> {
         let mut stmts = vec![];
         while !self.at_end() && self.peek().ty != TokenType::RBrace {
@@ -224,6 +261,26 @@ impl Parser {
         Ok(Stmt::Block{ stmts })
     }
 
+    fn structstmt(&mut self) -> Result<Stmt, ParserError> {
+        self.err_on_eof()?;
+        let tok_name = self.ident()?;
+        let name = tok_name.ty.clone().as_ident().unwrap();
+        self.err_on_eof()?;
+        if !self.expect(TokenType::LBrace).0 {
+            return Err(self.mk_error("Expected left brace in struct definition"))
+        }
+        self.err_on_eof()?;
+        let items = self.commalist(TokenType::RBrace, Self::ident)?;
+        let ty = value::generate_type(name);
+        Ok(Stmt::Struct { name: tok_name, ty, items })
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////
+    //               //
+    //  Expressions  //
+    //               //
+    ///////////////////
+     
     // Generic method for left-associative operators
     fn expr(&mut self, op_type: OpType, next_level: fn(&mut Parser) -> Result<Expr, ParserError>) -> Result<Expr, ParserError> {
         let mut expr = next_level(self)?;
@@ -235,24 +292,6 @@ impl Parser {
         Ok(expr)
     }
 
-    fn commalist<T>(&mut self, terminator: TokenType, parse_item: fn(&mut Parser) -> Result<T, ParserError>) -> Result<Vec<T>, ParserError> {
-        let mut items = vec![];
-        while !self.at_end() && self.peek().ty != terminator {
-            let expr = parse_item(self)?;
-            items.push(expr);
-            self.err_on_eof()?;
-            if self.peek().ty == TokenType::Comma {
-                self.next();
-            } else if self.peek().ty == terminator {
-                break;
-            } else {
-                return Err(self.mk_error(format!("Expected Comma or {:?} after list", terminator)))
-            }
-        }
-        self.err_on_eof()?;
-        self.next();
-        Ok(items)
-    }
 
     fn assignment(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ParserError> {
         let mut stack= vec![];
@@ -278,8 +317,7 @@ impl Parser {
             let right = self.logical_or()?;
             if op.ty == TokenType::PipeSlash || op.ty == TokenType::PipeBackslash {
                 self.err_on_eof()?;
-                let next = self.next();
+                if !self.expect(TokenType::Comma).0 {
-                if next.ty != TokenType::Comma {
                     return Err(self.mk_error("Expected comma after first argument"))
                 }
                 let right2 = self.logical_or()?;
@@ -358,7 +396,7 @@ impl Parser {
         let lbrack = self.next();
         let index = self.assignment()?;
         self.err_on_eof()?;
-        if self.next().ty != TokenType::RBrack {
+        if !self.expect(TokenType::RBrack).0 {
             return Err(self.mk_error("Expected RBrack after collection index"))
         }
         Ok(Expr::Index { lhs: Box::new(expr), index: Box::new(index), pos: lbrack.pos })
@@ -367,8 +405,7 @@ impl Parser {
     fn kv_pair(&mut self) -> Result<(Expr, Expr), ParserError> {
         let key = self.assignment()?;
         self.err_on_eof()?;
-        let next = self.next();
+        if !self.expect(TokenType::Colon).0 {
-        if next.ty != TokenType::Colon {
             return Err(self.mk_error("Expected colon in key-value pair"))
         }
         self.err_on_eof()?;
@@ -402,8 +439,7 @@ impl Parser {
             Ok(Expr::Map { items })
         } else if next.ty == TokenType::Fn {
             self.err_on_eof()?;
-            let next = self.next();
+            if !self.expect(TokenType::LParen).0 {
-            if let TokenType::LParen = next.ty {} else {
                 return Err(self.mk_error("Expected left parenthesis to start arguments list"))
             }
             let args = self.commalist(TokenType::RParen, Self::ident)?;

complexpr/src/stdlib/iter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use std::{rc::Rc, cell::RefCell};
+
+use crate::{value::{Value, func::{Func, CIterator}}, RuntimeError, env::Environment, declare_fn};
+
+pub fn load(env: &mut Environment) {
+    declare_fn!(env, take, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, skip, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, forall, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, exists, 2);
+}
+
+
+fn take_inner(_: Vec<Value>, data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>, iter_data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    // 0: current index
+    // 1: target index
+    let mut d = data.borrow_mut();
+    if d[0] >= d[1] {
+        Ok(Value::Nil)
+    } else {
+        d[0] = (&d[0] + &Value::Int(1))?;
+        match iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next() {
+            None => Ok(Value::Nil),
+            Some(x) => x
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_take(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    Ok(Value::Func(Func::BuiltinClosure { 
+        arg_count: 0,
+        data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![Value::Int(0), args[0].clone()])),
+        iter_data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![args[1].iter()?])),
+        func: take_inner
+    }))
+}
+
+fn skip_inner(_: Vec<Value>, data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>, iter_data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    let mut d = if let Value::Int(d) = data.borrow()[0] { d } else {
+        unreachable!() // checked by fn_skip()
+    };
+    while d > 0 {
+        iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next();
+        d -= 1;
+    }
+    data.borrow_mut()[0] = Value::Int(d);
+    match iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next() {
+        None => Ok(Value::Nil),
+        Some(x) => x
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_skip(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    let n = match args[0] {
+        Value::Int(n) if n <= 0 => return Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos("First argument to skip must be nonnegative")),
+        Value::Int(n) => n,
+        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos("First argument to skip must be an integer"))
+    };
+    let it = args[1].iter()?;
+    Ok(Value::Func(Func::BuiltinClosure {
+        arg_count: 0,
+        data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![Value::Int(n)])),
+        iter_data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![it])),
+        func: skip_inner
+    }))
+}
+
+fn fn_forall(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    let func = &args[0].as_func()?;
+    for item in args[1].iter()? {
+        let item = item?;
+        if !func.call(vec![item])?.truthy() {
+            return Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+}
+
+fn fn_exists(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    let func = &args[0].as_func()?;
+    for item in args[1].iter()? {
+        let item = item?;
+        if func.call(vec![item])?.truthy() {
+            return Ok(Value::Bool(true))
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Value::Bool(false))
+}

complexpr/src/stdlib/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+use std::{rc::Rc, cmp::Ordering};
+
+use num_traits::{ToPrimitive, Pow};
+
+use crate::{value::{Value, func::Func, Complex, Rational}, RuntimeError, env::Environment, declare_fn};
+
+enum Floaty {
+    Real(f64), Complex(Complex)
+}
+
+impl From<f64> for Floaty {
+    fn from(f: f64) -> Self {
+        Self::Real(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Complex> for Floaty {
+    fn from(z: Complex) -> Self {
+        Self::Complex(z)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn load(env: &mut Environment) {
+    declare_fn!(env, re, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, im, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, min, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, max, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, floor, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, ceil, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, round, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, round_to, 2);
+    declare_fn!(env, sin, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, cos, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, tan, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, asin, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, acos, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, atan, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, sinh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, cosh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, tanh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, asinh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, acosh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, atanh, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, exp, 1);
+    declare_fn!(env, "log", fn_ln, 1);
+}
+
+//
+// Helper functions
+//
+
+fn try_into_floaty(v: &Value, name: &'static str) -> Result<Floaty, String> {
+    match v {
+        Value::Int(n) => Ok((*n as f64).into()),
+        Value::Float(f) => Ok((*f).into()),
+        Value::Rational(r) => Ok((r.to_f64().ok_or_else(|| "Could not convert rational to float")?).into()),
+        Value::Complex(z) => Ok((*z).into()),
+        _ => Err(format!("Argument to {} must be numeric", name).into())
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// Misc functions
+//
+
+fn fn_re(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match &args[0] {
+        Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Float(*x as f64)),
+        Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(*x)),
+        Value::Rational(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.to_f64().unwrap())),
+        Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.re)),
+        x => Err(format!("Cannot get real part of {:?}", x).into())
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_im(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match &args[0] {
+        Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) | Value::Rational(_) 
+            => Ok(Value::Float(0.0)),
+        Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.im)),
+        x => Err(format!("Cannot get real part of {:?}", x).into())
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_min(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match args[0].partial_cmp(&args[1]) {
+        None => Err("Arguments to min must be comparable".into()),
+        Some(Ordering::Greater) => Ok(args[1].clone()),
+        _ => Ok(args[0].clone())
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_max(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match args[0].partial_cmp(&args[1]) {
+        None => Err("Arguments to max must be comparable".into()),
+        Some(Ordering::Less) => Ok(args[1].clone()),
+        _ => Ok(args[0].clone())
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_floor(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match args[0] {
+        Value::Int(n) => Ok(Value::Int(n)),
+        Value::Float(f) => Ok(Value::Float(f.floor())),
+        Value::Complex(c) => Ok(Value::Complex(Complex::new(c.re.floor(), c.im.floor()))),
+        Value::Rational(r) => Ok(Value::Rational(r.floor())),
+        _ => Err("Argument to floor must be numeric".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_ceil(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match args[0] {
+        Value::Int(n) => Ok(Value::Int(n)),
+        Value::Float(f) => Ok(Value::Float(f.ceil())),
+        Value::Complex(c) => Ok(Value::Complex(Complex::new(c.re.ceil(), c.im.ceil()))),
+        Value::Rational(r) => Ok(Value::Rational(r.ceil())),
+        _ => Err("Argument to ceil must be numeric".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_round(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    match args[0] {
+        Value::Int(n) => Ok(Value::Int(n)),
+        Value::Float(f) => Ok(Value::Float(f.round())),
+        Value::Complex(c) => Ok(Value::Complex(Complex::new(c.re.round(), c.im.round()))),
+        Value::Rational(r) => Ok(Value::Rational(r.round())),
+        _ => Err("Argument to round must be numeric".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fn_round_to(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+    let places = if let Value::Int(x) = args[1] { 
+        x as i32
+    } else {
+        return Err("Second argument to round_to must be an integer".into())
+    };
+    match args[0] {
+        Value::Int(n) if places >= 0 => Ok(Value::Int(n)),
+        Value::Int(n) if places < 0 => {
+            let factor = 10i64.pow((-places) as u32);
+            Ok(Value::Int(
+                (n / factor) * factor
+            ))
+        }
+        Value::Float(f) => {
+            let factor = 10.0_f64.pow(places);
+            Ok(Value::Float(
+                (f * factor).round() / factor
+            ))
+        },
+        Value::Complex(c) => { 
+            let factor = 10.0_f64.pow(places);
+            Ok(Value::Complex(Complex::new(
+                (c.re * factor).round() / factor,
+                (c.im * factor).round() / factor,
+            )))
+        },
+        Value::Rational(r) => {
+            let factor = Rational::from(10).pow(places);
+            Ok(Value::Rational((r * factor).round() / factor))
+        },
+        _ => Err("First argument to round_to must be numeric".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// Transcendental functions
+//
+
+macro_rules! transcendental {
+    ($func:ident) => {
+        paste::paste! {
+            fn [<fn_ $func>](args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+                let val = try_into_floaty(&args[0], stringify!($func))?;
+                match val {
+                    Floaty::Real(f) => Ok(Value::Float(f.$func())),
+                    Floaty::Complex(f) => Ok(Value::Complex(f.$func())),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+transcendental!{ sin }
+transcendental!{ cos }
+transcendental!{ tan }
+transcendental!{ asin }
+transcendental!{ acos }
+transcendental!{ atan }
+transcendental!{ sinh }
+transcendental!{ cosh }
+transcendental!{ tanh }
+transcendental!{ asinh }
+transcendental!{ acosh }
+transcendental!{ atanh }
+transcendental!{ exp }
+transcendental!{ ln }

complexpr/src/stdlib/mod.rs

@@ -1,51 +1,49 @@
+pub mod math;
+pub mod iter;
+
 use std::{rc::Rc, io::Write, cmp::Ordering, time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH}, cell::RefCell};
 
-use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+use crate::{value::{Value, func::{Func, CIterator}}, RuntimeError, env::Environment};
 
-use crate::{value::{Value, Func, CIterator}, RuntimeError, env::Environment};
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! declare_fn {
+    ($env:ident, $name:ident, $arg_count:literal) => {paste::paste!{{
+        let s: Rc<str> = Rc::from(stringify!($name));
+        $env.declare(s.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: [<fn_ $name>], arg_count: $arg_count, name: s }));
+    }}};
+    ($env:ident, $name:literal, $rust_name:ident, $arg_count:literal) => {{
+        let s: Rc<str> = Rc::from($name);
+        $env.declare(s.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: $rust_name, arg_count: $arg_count, name: s }));
+    }};
+}
 
 pub fn load(env: &mut Environment) {
-    let mut name: Rc<str>;
+    declare_fn!(env, "type", fn_type, 1);
-    name = Rc::from("str");
+    declare_fn!(env, type_eq, 1);
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_str, arg_count: 1, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, str, 1);
-    name = Rc::from("repr");
+    declare_fn!(env, repr, 1);
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_repr, arg_count: 1, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, print, 1);
-    name = Rc::from("print");
+    declare_fn!(env, println, 1); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_print, arg_count: 1, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, input, 0); 
-    name = Rc::from("println"); 
+    declare_fn!(env, ord, 1); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_println, arg_count: 1, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, chr, 1); 
-    name = Rc::from("input"); 
+    declare_fn!(env, range, 2); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_input, arg_count: 0, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, has, 2); 
-    name = Rc::from("ord"); 
+    declare_fn!(env, len, 1); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_ord, arg_count: 1, name }));
+    declare_fn!(env, time, 0); 
-    name = Rc::from("chr"); 
+    declare_fn!(env, list, 1); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_chr, arg_count: 1, name }));
+}
-    name = Rc::from("range"); 
+
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_range, arg_count: 2, name }));
+fn fn_type(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    name = Rc::from("has"); 
+    Ok(Value::Type(args[0].get_type()))
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_has, arg_count: 2, name }));
+}
-    name = Rc::from("len"); 
+
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_len, arg_count: 1, name }));
+fn fn_type_eq(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    name = Rc::from("re"); 
+    Ok(Value::Bool(if args[0].get_type() != args[1].get_type() {
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_re, arg_count: 1, name }));
+        false
-    name = Rc::from("im"); 
+    } else {
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_im, arg_count: 1, name }));
+        args[0] == args[1]
-    name = Rc::from("time"); 
+    }))
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_time, arg_count: 0, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("list"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_list, arg_count: 1, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("take"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_take, arg_count: 2, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("skip"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_skip, arg_count: 2, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("forall"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_forall, arg_count: 2, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("exists"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_exists, arg_count: 2, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("min"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_min, arg_count: 2, name }));
-    name = Rc::from("max"); 
-    env.declare(name.clone(), Value::Func(Func::Builtin { func: fn_max, arg_count: 2, name }));
 }
 
 fn fn_str(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
@@ -141,25 +139,6 @@ fn fn_has(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     }
 }
 
-fn fn_re(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    match &args[0] {
-        Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Float(*x as f64)),
-        Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(*x)),
-        Value::Rational(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.to_f64().unwrap())),
-        Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.re)),
-        x => Err(format!("Cannot get real part of {:?}", x).into())
-    }
-}
-
-fn fn_im(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    match &args[0] {
-        Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) | Value::Rational(_) 
-            => Ok(Value::Float(0.0)),
-        Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.im)),
-        x => Err(format!("Cannot get real part of {:?}", x).into())
-    }
-}
-
 fn fn_time(_: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     let time = SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     Ok(Value::from(time.as_secs_f64()))
@@ -171,95 +150,3 @@ fn fn_list(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
     for v in a { res.push(v?); }
     Ok(Value::from(res))
 }
-
-fn take_inner(_: Vec<Value>, data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>, iter_data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    // 0: current index
-    // 1: target index
-    let mut d = data.borrow_mut();
-    if d[0] >= d[1] {
-        Ok(Value::Nil)
-    } else {
-        d[0] = (&d[0] + &Value::Int(1))?;
-        match iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next() {
-            None => Ok(Value::Nil),
-            Some(x) => x
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn fn_take(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    Ok(Value::Func(Func::BuiltinClosure { 
-        arg_count: 0,
-        data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![Value::Int(0), args[0].clone()])),
-        iter_data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![args[1].iter()?])),
-        func: take_inner
-    }))
-}
-
-fn skip_inner(_: Vec<Value>, data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>, iter_data: Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    let mut d = if let Value::Int(d) = data.borrow()[0] { d } else {
-        unreachable!() // checked by fn_skip()
-    };
-    while d > 0 {
-        iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next();
-        d -= 1;
-    }
-    data.borrow_mut()[0] = Value::Int(d);
-    match iter_data.borrow_mut()[0].next() {
-        None => Ok(Value::Nil),
-        Some(x) => x
-    }
-}
-
-fn fn_skip(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    let n = match args[0] {
-        Value::Int(n) if n <= 0 => return Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos("First argument to skip must be nonnegative")),
-        Value::Int(n) => n,
-        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos("First argument to skip must be an integer"))
-    };
-    let it = args[1].iter()?;
-    Ok(Value::Func(Func::BuiltinClosure {
-        arg_count: 0,
-        data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![Value::Int(n)])),
-        iter_data: Rc::new(RefCell::new(vec![it])),
-        func: skip_inner
-    }))
-}
-
-fn fn_forall(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    let func = &args[0].as_func()?;
-    for item in args[1].iter()? {
-        let item = item?;
-        if !func.call(vec![item])?.truthy() {
-            return Ok(Value::Bool(false))
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(Value::Bool(true))
-}
-
-fn fn_exists(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    let func = &args[0].as_func()?;
-    for item in args[1].iter()? {
-        let item = item?;
-        if func.call(vec![item])?.truthy() {
-            return Ok(Value::Bool(true))
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(Value::Bool(false))
-}
-
-fn fn_min(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    match args[0].partial_cmp(&args[1]) {
-        None => Err("Arguments to min must be comparable".into()),
-        Some(Ordering::Greater) => Ok(args[1].clone()),
-        _ => Ok(args[0].clone())
-    }
-}
-
-fn fn_max(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-    match args[0].partial_cmp(&args[1]) {
-        None => Err("Arguments to max must be comparable".into()),
-        Some(Ordering::Less) => Ok(args[1].clone()),
-        _ => Ok(args[0].clone())
-    }
-}

complexpr/src/token.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ pub enum TokenType {
 
     True, False, Nil, 
     If, Elif, Else, For, While, 
-    Fn, Let, Break, Continue, Return
+    Fn, Let, Struct,
+    Break, Continue, Return
 }
 
 impl TokenType {

complexpr/src/value/func.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+use std::{rc::Rc, fmt, cmp::Ordering, cell::RefCell, hash::Hash};
+
+use crate::{RuntimeError, eval::{eval_stmt, Unwind, eval_expr}, expr::Stmt, env::{EnvRef, Environment}};
+
+use super::Value;
+
+pub type ClosureData = Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>;
+pub type ClosureIterData = Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Func {
+    Func {
+        name: Option<Rc<str>>,
+        args: Vec<Rc<str>>,
+        env: EnvRef,
+        func: Box<Stmt>,
+    },
+    Builtin {
+        name: Rc<str>,
+        func: fn(Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
+        arg_count: usize,
+    },
+    BuiltinClosure { 
+        func: fn(Vec<Value>, ClosureData, ClosureIterData) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
+        data: ClosureData,
+        iter_data: ClosureIterData,
+        arg_count: usize,
+    },
+    Partial {
+        inner: Box<Func>,
+        filled_args: Vec<Value>,
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Func {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Func { name, args, .. } 
+                => f.debug_struct("Func::Func")
+                    .field("name", name)
+                    .field("args", args)
+                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
+            Self::Builtin { name, arg_count, .. } 
+                => f.debug_struct("Func::Builtin") 
+                    .field("name", name)
+                    .field("arg_count", arg_count)
+                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
+            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, data, .. } 
+                => f.debug_struct("Func::BuiltinClosure") 
+                    .field("arg_count", arg_count)
+                    .field("data", data)
+                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
+            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } 
+                => f.debug_struct("Func::Partial") 
+                    .field("inner", inner)
+                    .field("filled_args", filled_args)
+                    .finish(),
+        }
+    }
+    
+}
+
+impl Func {
+    pub fn arg_count(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Builtin { arg_count, .. } => *arg_count,
+            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, .. } => *arg_count,
+            Self::Func { args, .. } => args.len(),
+            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => inner.arg_count() - filled_args.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<Rc<str>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Builtin { name, .. } => Some(name.clone()),
+            Self::BuiltinClosure { .. } => None,
+            Self::Func { name, .. } => name.clone(),
+            Self::Partial { inner, .. } => inner.name()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn call(&self, mut arg_values: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
+        match arg_values.len().cmp(&self.arg_count()) {
+            Ordering::Equal => match self {
+                Self::Builtin { func, .. } 
+                    => func(arg_values),
+                Self::BuiltinClosure { func, data, iter_data, .. } 
+                    => func(arg_values, data.clone(), iter_data.clone()),
+                Self::Func { args, func, env, .. } => {
+                    let mut env = Environment::extend(env.clone());
+                    for (k, v) in args.iter().zip(arg_values.iter()) {
+                        env.declare(k.clone(), v.clone());
+                    }
+                    match func.as_ref() {
+                        Stmt::Expr { expr } => eval_expr(expr, env.wrap()),
+                        stmt => match eval_stmt(stmt, env.wrap()) {
+                            Ok(()) => Ok(Value::Nil),
+                            Err(Unwind::Return{ value, .. }) => Ok(value),
+                            Err(e) => Err(e.as_error()),
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                },
+                Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
+                    let mut filled_args = filled_args.clone();
+                    filled_args.append(&mut arg_values);
+                    inner.call(filled_args)
+                }
+            },
+            Ordering::Less if arg_values.is_empty() => Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos(
+                format!("Cannot call this function with zero arguments: expected {}", self.arg_count())
+            )),
+            Ordering::Less => match self {
+                Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
+                    let mut args = filled_args.clone();
+                    args.append(&mut arg_values);
+                    Ok(Value::Func(Func::Partial { inner: inner.clone(), filled_args: args }))
+                }
+                f => Ok(Value::Func(Func::Partial { inner: Box::new(f.clone()), filled_args: arg_values }))
+            },
+            Ordering::Greater => Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos(
+                format!("Too many arguments for function: expected {}, got {}", self.arg_count(), arg_values.len())
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for Func {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        match self {
+            Self::Builtin { name, arg_count, func } => {
+                name.hash(state);
+                arg_count.hash(state);
+                func.hash(state);
+            },
+            Self::Func { name, args, .. } => {
+                name.hash(state);
+                args.hash(state);
+            },
+            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, data, .. } => {
+                arg_count.hash(state);
+                data.borrow().hash(state);
+            },
+            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
+                filled_args.hash(state);
+                inner.hash(state);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum CIterator {
+    // precondition: value must be len()able
+    Indexable{ value: Value, idx: i64 },
+    Func(Func)
+}
+
+impl Iterator for CIterator {
+    type Item = Result<Value, RuntimeError>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Indexable{ value, ref mut idx } => {
+                if *idx >= value.len().unwrap() as i64 {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    let result = value.index(&Value::Int(*idx)).unwrap();
+                    *idx += 1;
+                    Some(Ok(result))
+                }
+            },
+            Self::Func(f) => match f.call(vec![]) {
+                Ok(Value::Nil) => None,
+                x => Some(x)
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}

complexpr/src/value/mod.rs

@@ -1,200 +1,59 @@
-use std::{rc::Rc, collections::HashMap, ops::*, fmt, cmp::Ordering, cell::RefCell, hash::Hash};
+use std::{rc::Rc, collections::HashMap, ops::*, cmp::Ordering, cell::RefCell, hash::Hash, sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, self}};
 
 use num_traits::{Zero, ToPrimitive, Pow};
+use strum::{EnumCount, EnumDiscriminants, EnumIter, IntoEnumIterator, AsRefStr};
 
-use crate::{RuntimeError, eval::{eval_stmt, Unwind, eval_expr}, expr::Stmt, env::{EnvRef, Environment}};
+use self::func::{Func, CIterator};
+
+pub mod func;
 
 pub type Rational = num_rational::Ratio<i64>;
 pub type Complex = num_complex::Complex64;
-pub type ClosureData = Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>;
-pub type ClosureIterData = Rc<RefCell<Vec<CIterator>>>;
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
+static TYPE_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(Value::COUNT);
-pub enum Func {
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq)]
-    Func {
-        name: Option<Rc<str>>,
-        args: Vec<Rc<str>>,
-        env: EnvRef,
-        func: Box<Stmt>,
-    },
-    Builtin {
-        name: Rc<str>,
-        func: fn(Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
-        arg_count: usize,
-    },
-    BuiltinClosure { 
-        func: fn(Vec<Value>, ClosureData, ClosureIterData) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
-        data: ClosureData,
-        iter_data: ClosureIterData,
-        arg_count: usize,
-    },
-    Partial {
-        inner: Box<Func>,
-        filled_args: Vec<Value>,
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for Func {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Func { name, args, .. } 
-                => f.debug_struct("Func::Func")
-                    .field("name", name)
-                    .field("args", args)
-                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
-            Self::Builtin { name, arg_count, .. } 
-                => f.debug_struct("Func::Builtin") 
-                    .field("name", name)
-                    .field("arg_count", arg_count)
-                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
-            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, data, .. } 
-                => f.debug_struct("Func::BuiltinClosure") 
-                    .field("arg_count", arg_count)
-                    .field("data", data)
-                    .finish_non_exhaustive(),
-            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } 
-                => f.debug_struct("Func::Partial") 
-                    .field("inner", inner)
-                    .field("filled_args", filled_args)
-                    .finish(),
-        }
-    }
-    
-}
-
-impl Func {
-    pub fn arg_count(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Builtin { arg_count, .. } => *arg_count,
-            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, .. } => *arg_count,
-            Self::Func { args, .. } => args.len(),
-            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => inner.arg_count() - filled_args.len(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<Rc<str>> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Builtin { name, .. } => Some(name.clone()),
-            Self::BuiltinClosure { .. } => None,
-            Self::Func { name, .. } => name.clone(),
-            Self::Partial { inner, .. } => inner.name()
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn call(&self, mut arg_values: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
-        match arg_values.len().cmp(&self.arg_count()) {
-            Ordering::Equal => match self {
-                Self::Builtin { func, .. } 
-                    => func(arg_values),
-                Self::BuiltinClosure { func, data, iter_data, .. } 
-                    => func(arg_values, data.clone(), iter_data.clone()),
-                Self::Func { args, func, env, .. } => {
-                    let mut env = Environment::extend(env.clone());
-                    for (k, v) in args.iter().zip(arg_values.iter()) {
-                        env.declare(k.clone(), v.clone());
-                    }
-                    match func.as_ref() {
-                        Stmt::Expr { expr } => eval_expr(expr, env.wrap()),
-                        stmt => match eval_stmt(stmt, env.wrap()) {
-                            Ok(()) => Ok(Value::Nil),
-                            Err(Unwind::Return{ value, .. }) => Ok(value),
-                            Err(e) => Err(e.as_error()),
-                        }
-
-                    }
-                },
-                Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
-                    let mut filled_args = filled_args.clone();
-                    filled_args.append(&mut arg_values);
-                    inner.call(filled_args)
-                }
-            },
-            Ordering::Less if arg_values.is_empty() => Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos(
-                format!("Cannot call this function with zero arguments: expected {}", self.arg_count())
-            )),
-            Ordering::Less => match self {
-                Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
-                    let mut args = filled_args.clone();
-                    args.append(&mut arg_values);
-                    Ok(Value::Func(Func::Partial { inner: inner.clone(), filled_args: args }))
-                }
-                f => Ok(Value::Func(Func::Partial { inner: Box::new(f.clone()), filled_args: arg_values }))
-            },
-            Ordering::Greater => Err(RuntimeError::new_no_pos(
-                format!("Too many arguments for function: expected {}, got {}", self.arg_count(), arg_values.len())
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Hash for Func {
-    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Builtin { name, arg_count, func } => {
-                name.hash(state);
-                arg_count.hash(state);
-                func.hash(state);
-            },
-            Self::Func { name, args, .. } => {
-                name.hash(state);
-                args.hash(state);
-            },
-            Self::BuiltinClosure { arg_count, data, .. } => {
-                arg_count.hash(state);
-                data.borrow().hash(state);
-            },
-            Self::Partial { inner, filled_args } => {
-                filled_args.hash(state);
-                inner.hash(state);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum CIterator {
-    // precondition: value must be len()able
-    Indexable{ value: Value, idx: i64 },
-    Func(Func)
-}
-
-impl Iterator for CIterator {
-    type Item = Result<Value, RuntimeError>;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Indexable{ value, ref mut idx } => {
-                if *idx >= value.len().unwrap() as i64 {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    let result = value.index(&Value::Int(*idx)).unwrap();
-                    *idx += 1;
-                    Some(Ok(result))
-                }
-            },
-            Self::Func(f) => match f.call(vec![]) {
-                Ok(Value::Nil) => None,
-                x => Some(x)
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Data {
-    pub ty: usize,
-    // TODO user-defined data types
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Type {
     pub name: Rc<str>,
     pub id: usize
 }
 
+impl PartialEq for Type {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.id == other.id
+    }
+}
+
+
+pub fn generate_type(name: Rc<str>) -> Type {
+    Type { 
+        name, 
+        id: TYPE_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) 
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn generate_builtin_types() -> Vec<Type> {
+    let mut types = vec![];
+    for x in ValueDiscriminants::iter() {
+        types.push(Type {
+            name: Rc::from(x.as_ref()),
+            id: x as usize,
+        })
+    }
+    types
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CxprStruct {
+    pub ty: Type,
+    pub data: Vec<Value>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, EnumCount, EnumDiscriminants)]
+#[strum_discriminants(derive(EnumIter, AsRefStr))]
+#[repr(u8)]
 pub enum Value {
     Nil,
-    Type(usize),
+    Type(Type),
     Int(i64), Float(f64), Complex(Complex), Rational(Rational),
     Bool(bool), 
     Char(char),
@@ -202,7 +61,7 @@ pub enum Value {
     List(Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>), 
     Map(Rc<RefCell<HashMap<Value,Value>>>),
     Func(Func),
-    Data(Data),
+    Data(CxprStruct),
 }
 
 impl Value {
@@ -255,7 +114,7 @@ impl Value {
             Self::String(s) => s.clone(),
             Self::List(l) => Rc::from(format!("{:?}", l)), // TODO fix
             Self::Map(m) => Rc::from(format!("{:?}", m)), // TODO fix
-            Self::Type(_) => todo!(),
+            Self::Type(t) => Rc::from(format!("<type {}>", t.name)),
             Self::Func(Func::Builtin { name, func, .. }) => Rc::from(format!("<builtin fn {} at {:?}>", name, *func as *const ())),
             Self::Func(Func::BuiltinClosure { func, .. }) => Rc::from(format!("<builtin anonymous fn at {:?}>", *func as *const ())),
             Self::Func(f @ Func::Partial { .. }) => match f.name() {
@@ -349,6 +208,18 @@ impl Value {
             (x,y) => Err(format!("Unsupported operation 'fracdiv' between {:?} and {:?}", x, y))
         }
     }
+    
+    pub fn get_type(&self) -> Type {
+        let discr = ValueDiscriminants::from(self);
+        if let Self::Data(_) = self {
+            todo!()
+        } else {
+            Type {
+                name: Rc::from(discr.as_ref()),
+                id: discr as usize
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::ptr_eq)] // provided fix does not work
@@ -356,7 +227,7 @@ impl PartialEq for Value {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         match (self, other) {
             (Self::Nil, Self::Nil)                 => true,
-            (Self::Type(a), Self::Type(b))         => a == b,
+            (Self::Type(a), Self::Type(b))         => a.id == b.id,
 
             (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b))           => a == b,
             (Self::Rational(a), Self::Int(b))      => *a == Rational::from(*b),
@@ -443,7 +314,7 @@ fn hash_f64<H: std::hash::Hasher>(f: f64, state: &mut H) {
         } else{
             "-inf".hash(state)
         }
-    } else{
+    } else {
         f.to_bits().hash(state);
     }
 }
@@ -452,7 +323,7 @@ impl Hash for Value {
     fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         match self {
             Self::Nil => "nil".hash(state),
-            Self::Type(_) => todo!(),
+            Self::Type(t) => { "<type>".hash(state); t.id.hash(state); }
             Self::Int(i) => i.hash(state),
             Self::Float(f) => hash_f64(*f, state),
             Self::Complex(z) => { hash_f64(z.re, state); hash_f64(z.im, state); }