embiggened integers

Cargo.lock

@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
+checksum = "589533453244b0995c858700322199b2becb13b627df2851f64a2775d024abcf"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.168"
+version = "0.2.169"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aaeb2981e0606ca11d79718f8bb01164f1d6ed75080182d3abf017e6d244b6d"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
@@ -232,6 +232,31 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "35bd024e8b2ff75562e5f34e7f4905839deb4b22955ef5e73d2fea1b9813cb23"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-iter",
+ "num-rational",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-bigint"
+version = "0.4.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a5e44f723f1133c9deac646763579fdb3ac745e418f2a7af9cd0c431da1f20b9"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-complex"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -250,12 +275,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-iter"
+version = "0.1.45"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1429034a0490724d0075ebb2bc9e875d6503c3cf69e235a8941aa757d83ef5bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-rational"
 version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
 dependencies = [
+ "num-bigint",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
 ]
@@ -434,9 +471,7 @@ name = "talc-lang"
 version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
- "num-complex",
+ "num",
- "num-rational",
- "num-traits",
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
@@ -453,6 +488,7 @@ name = "talc-std"
 version = "0.2.1"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
+ "num-bigint",
  "rand",
  "regex",
  "talc-lang",

talc-bin/src/main.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ use talc_lang::{
 	compiler::compile,
 	lstring::LString,
 	optimize::optimize,
-	parser, serial,
+	parser,
+	prelude::*,
+	serial,
 	symbol::Symbol,
 	value::{function::disasm_recursive, Value},
 	vm::Vm,
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ fn exec(name: Symbol, src: &str, args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
 			ExitCode::FAILURE
 		}
 		Ok(Value::Bool(false)) => ExitCode::FAILURE,
-		Ok(Value::Int(n)) => ExitCode::from(n as u8),
+		Ok(Value::Int(n)) => ExitCode::from(n.to_u64().unwrap_or(1) as u8),
 		_ => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
 	}
 }

talc-lang/Cargo.toml

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
-num-complex = "0.4"
+num = { version = "0.4", features = [] }
-num-rational = { version = "0.4", default-features = false, features = [] }
-num-traits = "0.2"
 lazy_static = "1.5"
 unicode-ident = "1.0"

talc-lang/src/compiler.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use crate::chunk::{Arg24, Catch, Chunk, Instruction as I};
 use crate::parser::ast::{BinaryOp, CatchBlock, Expr, ExprKind, LValue, LValueKind};
 use crate::parser::Pos;
+use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::symbol::{Symbol, SYM_REPL, SYM_SELF};
 use crate::throw;
 use crate::value::function::{FuncAttrs, Function};
@@ -766,22 +767,29 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 		match val {
 			Value::Nil => {
 				self.emit(I::Nil);
+				return
 			}
 			Value::Bool(b) => {
 				self.emit(I::Bool(*b));
-			}
+				return
-			Value::Int(i) if (-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(i) => {
-				self.emit(I::Int(Arg24::from_i64(*i)));
 			}
 			Value::Symbol(s) => {
 				self.emit(I::Symbol(Arg24::from_symbol(*s)));
+				return
+			}
+			Value::Int(i) => {
+				if let Some(v) = i.to_i32() {
+					if (-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(&v) {
+						self.emit(I::Int(Arg24::from_i32(v)));
+						return
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			_ => (),
 		}
-			_ => {
 		let n = self.add_const(val.clone());
 		self.emit(I::Const(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
 	}
-		}
-	}
 
 	fn expr_assign(&mut self, o: Option<BinaryOp>, lv: &LValue, a: &Expr) -> Result<()> {
 		match (&lv.kind, o) {

talc-lang/src/lib.rs

@@ -8,9 +8,19 @@ pub mod chunk;
 pub mod compiler;
 pub mod exception;
 pub mod lstring;
+pub mod number;
 pub mod optimize;
 pub mod parser;
 pub mod serial;
 pub mod symbol;
 pub mod value;
 pub mod vm;
+
+pub mod prelude {
+	pub use crate::number::RatioExt;
+	pub use num::complex::ComplexFloat;
+	pub use num::integer::{Integer, Roots};
+	pub use num::traits::{
+		ConstOne, ConstZero, Euclid, FromPrimitive, Num, One, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero,
+	};
+}

talc-lang/src/lstring.rs

@@ -546,13 +546,6 @@ impl io::Write for LString {
 	}
 }
 
-//impl fmt::Write for LString {
-//    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
-//        self.extend(s.as_bytes());
-//        Ok(())
-//    }
-//}
-
 //
 //  methods
 //

talc-lang/src/number/int.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,986 @@
+use core::{f64, panic};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, cmp::Ordering, fmt, hash::Hash, mem::ManuallyDrop, ops, rc::Rc};
+
+use num::{
+	bigint::{ParseBigIntError, Sign},
+	integer::Roots,
+	traits::CheckedEuclid,
+	BigInt, Integer, Num,
+};
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub enum IntType<'a> {
+	Int(i64),
+	Big(&'a BigInt),
+}
+
+#[inline]
+const fn is_int_small(n: i64) -> bool {
+	let b = n >> 62;
+	b == 0 || b == -1
+}
+
+union IntInner {
+	int: i64,
+	big: ManuallyDrop<Rc<BigInt>>,
+}
+
+impl IntInner {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from_int(n: i64) -> Self {
+		if is_int_small(n) {
+			unsafe { Self::from_int_unchecked(n) }
+		} else {
+			Self::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(n))
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	const unsafe fn from_int_unchecked(n: i64) -> Self {
+		Self { int: (n << 1) | 1 }
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn from_big(n: BigInt) -> Self {
+		if let Some(n) = n.to_i64() {
+			if is_int_small(n) {
+				return unsafe { Self::from_int_unchecked(n) }
+			}
+		}
+		Self::from_big_direct(n)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn from_big_ref(n: &BigInt) -> Self {
+		if let Some(n) = n.to_i64() {
+			if is_int_small(n) {
+				return unsafe { Self::from_int_unchecked(n) }
+			}
+		}
+		Self::from_big_direct(n.clone())
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn from_big_direct(n: BigInt) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			big: ManuallyDrop::new(Rc::new(n)),
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn from_big_rc(n: Rc<BigInt>) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			big: ManuallyDrop::new(n),
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	const fn is_big(&self) -> bool {
+		unsafe { self.int & 1 == 0 }
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn expand(&self) -> IntType {
+		if self.is_big() {
+			IntType::Big(unsafe { self.big.as_ref() })
+		} else {
+			IntType::Int(unsafe { self.int >> 1 })
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn as_int(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+		if let IntType::Int(n) = self.expand() {
+			Some(n)
+		} else {
+			None
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn to_big(&self) -> Cow<BigInt> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Big(n) => Cow::Borrowed(n),
+			IntType::Int(n) => Cow::Owned(BigInt::from(n)),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Clone for IntInner {
+	fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+		if let Some(n) = self.as_int() {
+			unsafe { Self::from_int_unchecked(n) }
+		} else {
+			Self::from_big_rc(ManuallyDrop::into_inner(unsafe { self.big.clone() }))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Drop for IntInner {
+	fn drop(&mut self) {
+		if self.is_big() {
+			unsafe { ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.big) }
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//
+//  Int implementation
+//
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Int(IntInner);
+
+impl Int {
+	/// panics if n is not small enough
+	pub const fn from_small(n: i64) -> Self {
+		assert!(is_int_small(n), "argument to from_small was too large");
+		Self(unsafe { IntInner::from_int_unchecked(n) })
+	}
+}
+
+impl Default for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		Self(unsafe { IntInner::from_int_unchecked(0) })
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<i8> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: i8) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: u8) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<i16> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: i16) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<u16> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: u16) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<i32> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: i32) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<u32> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: u32) -> Self {
+		Self::from_small(value as i64)
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<i64> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
+		Self(IntInner::from_int(value))
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<u64> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: u64) -> Self {
+		if let Ok(v) = value.try_into() {
+			Self(IntInner::from_int(v))
+		} else {
+			Self(IntInner::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(value)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<i128> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: i128) -> Self {
+		if let Ok(v) = value.try_into() {
+			Self(IntInner::from_int(v))
+		} else {
+			Self(IntInner::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(value)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<u128> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: u128) -> Self {
+		if let Ok(v) = value.try_into() {
+			Self(IntInner::from_int(v))
+		} else {
+			Self(IntInner::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(value)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<isize> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: isize) -> Self {
+		if let Ok(v) = value.try_into() {
+			Self(IntInner::from_int(v))
+		} else {
+			Self(IntInner::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(value)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: usize) -> Self {
+		if let Ok(v) = value.try_into() {
+			Self(IntInner::from_int(v))
+		} else {
+			Self(IntInner::from_big_direct(BigInt::from(value)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<BigInt> for Int {
+	fn from(value: BigInt) -> Self {
+		Self(IntInner::from_big(value))
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<&BigInt> for Int {
+	fn from(value: &BigInt) -> Self {
+		Self(IntInner::from_big_ref(value))
+	}
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_binop {
+	($($trait:ident)::+,$($atrait:ident)::+,$fname:ident,$afname:ident,$op:tt,$checked:ident) => {
+		impl $($trait)::+ for &Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+				match (self.expand(), rhs.expand()) {
+					(IntType::Int(a), IntType::Int(b)) => match a.$checked(b) {
+						Some(n) => Int::from(n),
+						None => Int::from(BigInt::from(a) $op b),
+					}
+					(IntType::Int(a), IntType::Big(b)) => Int::from(a $op b),
+					(IntType::Big(a), IntType::Int(b)) => Int::from(a $op b),
+					(IntType::Big(a), IntType::Big(b)) => Int::from(a $op b),
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($trait)::+ for Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: Int) -> Self::Output {
+				&self $op &rhs
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($trait)::+<i64> for &Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: i64) -> Self::Output {
+				self $op &Int::from(rhs)
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($atrait)::+ for Int {
+			fn $afname(&mut self, rhs: Int) {
+				*self = &*self $op &rhs;
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($atrait)::+<&Int> for Int {
+			fn $afname(&mut self, rhs: &Int) {
+				*self = &*self $op rhs;
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($atrait)::+<i64> for Int {
+			fn $afname(&mut self, rhs: i64) {
+				*self = &*self $op rhs;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+impl_binop!(ops::Add, ops::AddAssign, add, add_assign, +, checked_add);
+impl_binop!(ops::Sub, ops::SubAssign, sub, sub_assign, -, checked_sub);
+impl_binop!(ops::Mul, ops::MulAssign, mul, mul_assign, *, checked_mul);
+impl_binop!(ops::Div, ops::DivAssign, div, div_assign, /, checked_div);
+impl_binop!(ops::Rem, ops::RemAssign, rem, rem_assign, %, checked_rem);
+
+macro_rules! impl_logicop {
+	($($trait:ident)::+,$($atrait:ident)::+,$fname:ident,$afname:ident,$op:tt) => {
+		impl $($trait)::+ for &Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+				match (self.expand(), rhs.expand()) {
+					(IntType::Int(a), IntType::Int(b)) => Int::from(a $op b),
+					(IntType::Int(a), IntType::Big(b)) => Int::from(BigInt::from(a) $op b),
+					(IntType::Big(a), IntType::Int(b)) => Int::from(a $op BigInt::from(b)),
+					(IntType::Big(a), IntType::Big(b)) => Int::from(a $op b),
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($trait)::+ for Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: Int) -> Self::Output {
+				&self $op &rhs
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($trait)::+<i64> for &Int {
+			type Output = Int;
+
+			fn $fname(self, rhs: i64) -> Self::Output {
+				self $op &Int::from(rhs)
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($atrait)::+<&Int> for Int {
+			fn $afname(&mut self, rhs: &Int) {
+				*self = &*self $op rhs;
+			}
+		}
+
+		impl $($atrait)::+<i64> for Int {
+			fn $afname(&mut self, rhs: i64) {
+				*self = &*self $op rhs;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+impl_logicop!(ops::BitAnd, ops::BitAndAssign, bitand, bitand_assign, &);
+impl_logicop!(ops::BitOr,  ops::BitOrAssign,  bitor,  bitor_assign,  |);
+impl_logicop!(ops::BitXor, ops::BitXorAssign, bitxor, bitxor_assign, ^);
+
+impl ops::Shl for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn shl(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+		if rhs.is_negative() {
+			panic!("attempt to shift left with negative")
+		}
+		let Some(rhs) = rhs.to_u32() else {
+			panic!("shift left overflow")
+		};
+		Int::from(self.to_big().as_ref() << rhs)
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Shl for Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn shl(self, rhs: Int) -> Self::Output {
+		&self << &rhs
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Shl<i64> for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn shl(self, rhs: i64) -> Self::Output {
+		self << &Int::from(rhs)
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::ShlAssign<&Int> for Int {
+	fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: &Int) {
+		*self = &*self << rhs;
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::ShlAssign<i64> for Int {
+	fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: i64) {
+		*self = &*self << &Int::from(rhs);
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Shr for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+	fn shr(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+		if rhs.is_negative() {
+			panic!("attempt to shift right with negative")
+		}
+		let Some(rhs) = rhs.to_u32() else {
+			return Int::ZERO
+		};
+
+		Int::from(self.to_big().as_ref() >> rhs)
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Shr for Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn shr(self, rhs: Int) -> Self::Output {
+		&self >> &rhs
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Shr<i64> for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn shr(self, rhs: i64) -> Self::Output {
+		self >> &Int::from(rhs)
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::ShrAssign<&Int> for Int {
+	fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: &Int) {
+		*self = &*self >> rhs;
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::ShrAssign<i64> for Int {
+	fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: i64) {
+		*self = &*self >> &Int::from(rhs);
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Neg for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn neg(self) -> Int {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Int::from(-n),
+			IntType::Big(n) => Int::from(-n),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Neg for Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn neg(self) -> Int {
+		-&self
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Not for &Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn not(self) -> Int {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Int::from(!n),
+			IntType::Big(n) => Int::from(!n),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl ops::Not for Int {
+	type Output = Int;
+
+	fn not(self) -> Int {
+		!&self
+	}
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Int {
+	fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			a.eq(&b)
+		} else {
+			let a = self.0.to_big();
+			let b = other.0.to_big();
+			a.as_ref().eq(b.as_ref())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Eq for Int {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Int {
+	fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+		Some(self.cmp(other))
+	}
+}
+
+impl Ord for Int {
+	fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			a.cmp(&b)
+		} else {
+			let a = self.0.to_big();
+			let b = other.0.to_big();
+			a.as_ref().cmp(b.as_ref())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl ConstZero for Int {
+	const ZERO: Self = Self::from_small(0);
+}
+
+impl ConstOne for Int {
+	const ONE: Self = Self::from_small(1);
+}
+
+impl Zero for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn zero() -> Self {
+		Self::ZERO
+	}
+
+	fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n == 0,
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.is_zero(),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl One for Int {
+	#[inline]
+	fn one() -> Self {
+		Self::ONE
+	}
+}
+
+impl Num for Int {
+	type FromStrRadixErr = ParseBigIntError;
+
+	fn from_str_radix(str: &str, radix: u32) -> Result<Self, Self::FromStrRadixErr> {
+		match i64::from_str_radix(str, radix) {
+			Ok(v) => Ok(Self::from(v)),
+			Err(_) => Ok(Self::from(BigInt::from_str_radix(str, radix)?)),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Integer for Int {
+	fn div_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			return Integer::div_floor(&a, &b).into()
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		a.div_floor(&b).into()
+	}
+
+	fn mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			return a.mod_floor(&b).into()
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		a.mod_floor(&b).into()
+	}
+
+	fn gcd(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			return a.gcd(&b).into()
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		a.gcd(&b).into()
+	}
+
+	fn lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		a.lcm(&b).into()
+	}
+
+	fn is_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			return a.is_multiple_of(&b)
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		a.is_multiple_of(&b)
+	}
+
+	fn is_even(&self) -> bool {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.is_even(),
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.is_even(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn is_odd(&self) -> bool {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.is_odd(),
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.is_odd(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn div_rem(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), other.0.as_int()) {
+			let (q, r) = a.div_rem(&b);
+			return (q.into(), r.into())
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), other.0.to_big());
+		let (q, r) = a.div_rem(&b);
+		(q.into(), r.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl Signed for Int {
+	fn abs(&self) -> Self {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Int::from(n.abs()),
+			IntType::Big(n) => Int::from(n.abs()),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn abs_sub(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+		(self - other).abs()
+	}
+
+	fn signum(&self) -> Self {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Int::from(n.signum()),
+			IntType::Big(n) => Int::from(n.signum()),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn is_positive(&self) -> bool {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n > 0,
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.is_positive(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn is_negative(&self) -> bool {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n < 0,
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.is_negative(),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Roots for Int {
+	fn nth_root(&self, n: u32) -> Self {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(i) => Int::from(i.nth_root(n)),
+			IntType::Big(b) => Int::from(b.nth_root(n)),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Euclid for Int {
+	fn div_euclid(&self, v: &Self) -> Self {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), v.0.as_int()) {
+			if let Some(v) = CheckedEuclid::checked_div_euclid(&a, &b) {
+				return Int::from(v)
+			}
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), v.0.to_big());
+		a.div_euclid(&b).into()
+	}
+
+	fn rem_euclid(&self, v: &Self) -> Self {
+		if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.0.as_int(), v.0.as_int()) {
+			if let Some(v) = CheckedEuclid::checked_rem_euclid(&a, &b) {
+				return Int::from(v)
+			}
+		}
+		let (a, b) = (self.0.to_big(), v.0.to_big());
+		a.rem_euclid(&b).into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl Int {
+	pub fn to_str_radix(&self, radix: u32) -> String {
+		self.to_big().to_str_radix(radix)
+	}
+
+	pub fn to_str_radix_case(&self, radix: u32, upper: bool) -> String {
+		let mut s = self.to_big().to_str_radix(radix);
+		if upper {
+			s.make_ascii_uppercase();
+		}
+		s
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+		fmt::Display::fmt(&self, f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		fmt::Display::fmt(self.to_big().as_ref(), f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Binary for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		fmt::Binary::fmt(self.to_big().as_ref(), f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Octal for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		fmt::Octal::fmt(self.to_big().as_ref(), f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::LowerHex for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		fmt::LowerHex::fmt(self.to_big().as_ref(), f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::UpperHex for Int {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		fmt::UpperHex::fmt(self.to_big().as_ref(), f)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Hash for Int {
+	fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.hash(state),
+			IntType::Big(b) => match b.to_i64() {
+				Some(n) => n.hash(state),
+				None => b.hash(state),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl FromPrimitive for Int {
+	fn from_i64(n: i64) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_u64(n: u64) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_isize(n: isize) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_i128(n: i128) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_usize(n: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_u128(n: u128) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Self::from(n))
+	}
+
+	fn from_f32(n: f32) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Int::from(BigInt::from_f32(n)?))
+	}
+
+	fn from_f64(n: f64) -> Option<Self> {
+		Some(Int::from(BigInt::from_f64(n)?))
+	}
+}
+
+impl ToPrimitive for Int {
+	fn to_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Some(n),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_i64(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_u64(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_u64(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_isize(&self) -> Option<isize> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_isize(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_isize(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_i128(&self) -> Option<i128> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => Some(n as i128),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_i128(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_usize(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_usize(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_usize(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_u128(&self) -> Option<u128> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_u128(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_u128(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_f32(&self) -> Option<f32> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_f32(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_f32(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_f64(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(n) => n.to_f64(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => b.to_f64(),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Int {
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn to_f64_uc(&self) -> f64 {
+		self.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn expand(&self) -> IntType {
+		self.0.expand()
+	}
+
+	/// exp must be nonnegative, both cannot be zero.
+	pub fn ipow(&self, exp: &Int) -> Option<Int> {
+		if self.is_zero() && exp.is_zero() || exp.is_negative() {
+			return None
+		}
+		if exp.is_zero() {
+			return Some(Int::ONE)
+		}
+		if exp.is_one() {
+			return Some(self.clone())
+		}
+		if self.is_zero() || self.is_one() {
+			return Some(self.clone())
+		}
+		if self == &Int::from_small(-1) {
+			return if exp.is_even() {
+				Some(Int::ONE)
+			} else {
+				Some(self.clone())
+			}
+		}
+		if let Some(e) = exp.to_u32() {
+			if let Some(i) = self.0.as_int() {
+				if let Some(v) = i.checked_pow(e) {
+					return Some(Int::from(v))
+				}
+			}
+			Some(Self::from(self.0.to_big().pow(e)))
+		} else {
+			None
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn modpow(&self, exp: &Int, modulus: &Int) -> Int {
+		self.to_big()
+			.modpow(&exp.to_big(), &modulus.to_big())
+			.into()
+	}
+
+	pub fn modinv(&self, modulus: &Int) -> Option<Int> {
+		self.to_big().modinv(&modulus.to_big()).map(|v| v.into())
+	}
+
+	pub fn isignum(&self) -> i64 {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(i) => i.signum(),
+			IntType::Big(b) => match b.sign() {
+				Sign::Minus => -1,
+				Sign::NoSign => 0,
+				Sign::Plus => 1,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn to_big(&self) -> Cow<BigInt> {
+		self.0.to_big()
+	}
+
+	pub fn trailing_zeros(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+		match self.expand() {
+			IntType::Int(0) => None,
+			IntType::Int(n) => Some(n.trailing_zeros() as u64),
+			IntType::Big(n) => n.trailing_zeros(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn eq_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		self.to_i64().is_some_and(|v| v == n)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn ne_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		!self.eq_i64(n)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn cmp_i64(&self, n: i64) -> Ordering {
+		match self.to_i64() {
+			Some(v) => v.cmp(&n),
+			None => {
+				if self.is_negative() {
+					Ordering::Less
+				} else {
+					Ordering::Greater
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn lt_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		self.cmp_i64(n).is_lt()
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn gt_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		self.cmp_i64(n).is_gt()
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn le_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		self.cmp_i64(n).is_le()
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn ge_i64(&self, n: i64) -> bool {
+		self.cmp_i64(n).is_ge()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<Int> for BigInt {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: Int) -> Self {
+		value.0.to_big().into_owned()
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<&Int> for BigInt {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: &Int) -> Self {
+		value.0.to_big().into_owned()
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/number/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+mod int;
+pub use int::{Int, IntType};
+
+mod range;
+pub use range::Range;
+
+mod ratio;
+pub use ratio::{Ratio, RatioExt};
+
+pub use num::complex::Complex64 as Complex;

talc-lang/src/number/range.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use num::BigInt;
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+use super::Int;
+
+fn to_slice_index(n: &BigInt, len: usize) -> usize {
+	if n.is_negative() {
+		let n = n + len;
+		if n.is_negative() {
+			return 0
+		}
+		n.to_usize().unwrap_or(usize::MAX).min(len)
+	} else {
+		n.to_usize().unwrap_or(usize::MAX).min(len)
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Range {
+	pub start: Option<BigInt>,
+	pub end: Option<BigInt>,
+	pub inclusive: bool,
+}
+
+impl Range {
+	#[expect(clippy::self_named_constructors)]
+	pub fn range<I, J>(start: I, end: J) -> Self
+	where
+		I: Into<BigInt>,
+		J: Into<BigInt>,
+	{
+		Self {
+			start: Some(start.into()),
+			end: Some(end.into()),
+			inclusive: false,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_incl<I, J>(start: I, end: J) -> Self
+	where
+		I: Into<BigInt>,
+		J: Into<BigInt>,
+	{
+		Self {
+			start: Some(start.into()),
+			end: Some(end.into()),
+			inclusive: true,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_from<I>(start: I) -> Self
+	where
+		I: Into<BigInt>,
+	{
+		Self {
+			start: Some(start.into()),
+			end: None,
+			inclusive: false,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_to<I>(end: I) -> Self
+	where
+		I: Into<BigInt>,
+	{
+		Self {
+			start: None,
+			end: Some(end.into()),
+			inclusive: false,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_to_incl<I>(end: I) -> Self
+	where
+		I: Into<BigInt>,
+	{
+		Self {
+			start: None,
+			end: Some(end.into()),
+			inclusive: true,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub const fn range_all() -> Self {
+		Self {
+			start: None,
+			end: None,
+			inclusive: false,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn len(&self) -> Option<Int> {
+		let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (&self.start, &self.end) else {
+			return None
+		};
+		if e < s {
+			return Some(Int::ZERO)
+		}
+		Some((e - s + if self.inclusive { 1i64 } else { 0i64 }).into())
+	}
+
+	pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+		let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (&self.start, &self.end) else {
+			return false
+		};
+		if e < s {
+			return true
+		}
+		if e == s && !self.inclusive {
+			return true
+		}
+		false
+	}
+
+	pub fn try_iterate(&self) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = Int>> {
+		let Some(s) = &self.start else { return None };
+		Some(RangeIterator {
+			cur: s.into(),
+			end: self.end.as_ref().map(|e| e.into()),
+			inclusive: self.inclusive,
+			done: false,
+		})
+	}
+
+	pub fn index_slice<'a, T>(&self, l: &'a [T]) -> &'a [T] {
+		let len = l.len();
+		let s = self
+			.start
+			.as_ref()
+			.map(|s| to_slice_index(s, len))
+			.unwrap_or(0);
+		let e = self
+			.end
+			.as_ref()
+			.map(|e| to_slice_index(e, len))
+			.unwrap_or(len);
+		let e = if self.inclusive {
+			e.saturating_add(1).min(len)
+		} else {
+			e
+		};
+		if e <= s {
+			return &[]
+		}
+		&l[s..e]
+	}
+
+	pub fn replace_range<T: Clone>(&self, l: &mut Vec<T>, rep: &[T]) {
+		let len = l.len();
+		let s = self
+			.start
+			.as_ref()
+			.map(|s| to_slice_index(s, len))
+			.unwrap_or(0);
+		let e = self
+			.end
+			.as_ref()
+			.map(|e| to_slice_index(e, len))
+			.unwrap_or(len);
+		let e = if self.inclusive {
+			e.saturating_add(1).min(len)
+		} else {
+			e
+		};
+
+		if e < s {
+			l.splice(e..s, rep.iter().cloned());
+		} else {
+			l.splice(s..e, rep.iter().cloned());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+struct RangeIterator {
+	cur: Int,
+	end: Option<Int>,
+	inclusive: bool,
+	done: bool,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for RangeIterator {
+	type Item = Int;
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		if self.done {
+			return None
+		}
+		if let Some(end) = &self.end {
+			if &self.cur > end || (&self.cur == end && !self.inclusive) {
+				self.done = true;
+				return None
+			}
+		}
+		let mut val = &self.cur + 1;
+		std::mem::swap(&mut val, &mut self.cur);
+		Some(val)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Range {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		match &self.start {
+			Some(s) => write!(f, "{s}..")?,
+			None => write!(f, "*..")?,
+		}
+		if self.inclusive {
+			write!(f, "=")?;
+		}
+		match &self.end {
+			Some(e) => write!(f, "{e}"),
+			None => write!(f, "*"),
+		}
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/number/ratio.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use num::Rational64;
+
+use super::Int;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub type Ratio = num::BigRational;
+
+impl From<Int> for Ratio {
+	fn from(value: Int) -> Self {
+		Ratio::from_integer(value.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<&Int> for Ratio {
+	fn from(value: &Int) -> Self {
+		Ratio::from_integer(value.to_owned().into())
+	}
+}
+
+pub trait RatioExt: Sized {
+	fn div_euclid(&self, n: &Self) -> Self;
+	fn rem_euclid(&self, n: &Self) -> Self;
+	fn to_f64_uc(&self) -> f64;
+	fn approximate_float(x: f64) -> Option<Self>;
+}
+
+impl RatioExt for Ratio {
+	#[inline]
+	fn div_euclid(&self, n: &Self) -> Ratio {
+		let (n_abs, n_sgn) = (n.abs(), n.signum());
+		(self / n_abs).floor() * n_sgn
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn rem_euclid(&self, n: &Self) -> Ratio {
+		ToPrimitive::to_f64(self);
+		let n_abs = n.abs();
+		self - (self / &n_abs).floor() * &n_abs
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn to_f64_uc(&self) -> f64 {
+		if let Some(f) = self.to_f64() {
+			f
+		} else if self.is_negative() {
+			f64::NEG_INFINITY
+		} else {
+			f64::INFINITY
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn approximate_float(x: f64) -> Option<Self> {
+		match Rational64::approximate_float(x) {
+			Some(r) => {
+				let r = Ratio::new((*r.numer()).into(), (*r.denom()).into());
+				Some(r)
+			}
+			None => {
+				let mut y = x;
+				if y.abs() < 1.0 {
+					y = 1.0 / y;
+				}
+				let i = Int::from_f64(y)?;
+				let r = Ratio::from_integer(i.into());
+				if x.abs() < 1.0 {
+					Some(r.recip())
+				} else {
+					Some(r)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/parser/ast.rs

@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ pub enum UnaryOp {
 	Neg,
 	Not,
 	BitNot,
-	RangeEndless,
+	RangeFrom,
+	RangeTo,
+	RangeToIncl,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]

talc-lang/src/parser/lexer.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
 	AmperEqual,
 	Star,
 	StarEqual,
+	StarDotDot,
+	StarDotDotStar,
+	StarDotDotEqual,
 	Plus,
 	PlusPlus,
 	PlusPlusEqual,
@@ -115,6 +118,9 @@ impl TokenKind {
 			K::AmperEqual => "'&='",
 			K::Star => "'*'",
 			K::StarEqual => "'*='",
+			K::StarDotDot => "'*..'",
+			K::StarDotDotStar => "'*..*'",
+			K::StarDotDotEqual => "'*..='",
 			K::Plus => "'+'",
 			K::PlusPlus => "'++'",
 			K::PlusPlusEqual => "'++='",
@@ -489,6 +495,14 @@ impl<'s> Lexer<'s> {
 			},
 			'*' => match self.and_peek()? {
 				'=' => self.and_emit(K::StarEqual),
+				'.' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'.' => match self.and_peek()? {
+						'*' => self.and_emit(K::StarDotDotStar),
+						'=' => self.and_emit(K::StarDotDotEqual),
+						_ => self.emit(K::StarDotDot),
+					},
+					_ => self.unexpected(),
+				},
 				_ => self.emit(K::Star),
 			},
 			'/' => match self.and_peek()? {

talc-lang/src/parser/parser.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use super::{
 	parse_float, parse_int_literal, parse_str_escapes, Lexer, ParserError, Span,
 	SpanParserError, Token, TokenKind,
 };
-use num_complex::Complex64;
+use num::complex::Complex64;
 use ExprKind as E;
 use TokenKind as T;
 
@@ -108,13 +108,15 @@ impl TokenKind {
 			T::Minus => Some(UnaryOp::Neg),
 			T::Not => Some(UnaryOp::Not),
 			T::Tilde => Some(UnaryOp::BitNot),
+			T::StarDotDot => Some(UnaryOp::RangeTo),
+			T::StarDotDotEqual => Some(UnaryOp::RangeToIncl),
 			_ => None,
 		}
 	}
 
 	fn postfix_unary_op(self) -> Option<UnaryOp> {
 		match self {
-			T::DotDotStar => Some(UnaryOp::RangeEndless),
+			T::DotDotStar => Some(UnaryOp::RangeFrom),
 			_ => None,
 		}
 	}
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ impl UnaryOp {
 	fn precedence(self) -> u8 {
 		match self {
 			UnaryOp::Not => 0,
-			UnaryOp::RangeEndless => 40,
+			UnaryOp::RangeFrom | UnaryOp::RangeTo | UnaryOp::RangeToIncl => 40,
 			UnaryOp::Neg | UnaryOp::BitNot => 110,
 		}
 	}
@@ -159,25 +161,26 @@ fn b<T>(t: T) -> Box<T> {
 }
 
 impl TokenKind {
+	#[rustfmt::skip]
 	fn expr_first(self) -> bool {
-		matches!(
+		matches!(self,
-			self,
+			| T::Return | T::Continue
-			T::Return
-				| T::Continue
 			| T::Break | T::Var
 			| T::Global | T::Fn
-				| T::Not | T::Backslash
+			| T::Not | T::StarDotDot
-				| T::Amper | T::Minus
+			| T::StarDotDotStar
-				| T::Tilde | T::Identifier
+			| T::StarDotDotEqual
+			| T::Backslash | T::Amper
+			| T::Minus | T::Tilde
+			| T::Identifier
 			| T::LParen | T::LBrack
 			| T::LBrace | T::Dollar
-				| T::Do | T::If
+			| T::Do | T::If | T::While
-				| T::While | T::For
+			| T::For | T::Try
-				| T::Try | T::Integer
+			| T::Integer | T::Float
-				| T::Float | T::Imaginary
+			| T::Imaginary | T::String
-				| T::String | T::Symbol
+			| T::Symbol | T::True
-				| T::True | T::False
+			| T::False | T::Nil
-				| T::Nil
 		)
 	}
 }
@@ -398,6 +401,7 @@ impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
 			T::True => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Bool(true)).span(tok.span)),
 			T::False => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Bool(false)).span(tok.span)),
 			T::Nil => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Nil).span(tok.span)),
+			T::StarDotDotStar => Ok(E::Literal(Value::range_all()).span(tok.span)),
 			t => throw!(
 				tok.span,
 				"unexpected token {}, expected expression",
@@ -503,7 +507,7 @@ impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
 				..
 			}) => {
 				let args = self.parse_ident_list()?;
-				expect!(self, T::Dot);
+				expect!(self, T::Arrow);
 				let body = self.parse_lambda()?;
 				let body_span = body.span;
 				Ok(E::Lambda(args, b(body)).span(span + body_span))

talc-lang/src/serial/mod.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 use core::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, Write};
 
+use num::{bigint::Sign, BigInt};
+
 use crate::{
 	chunk::{Chunk, Instruction, TryTable},
 	lstring::LStr,
+	number::Int,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::Symbol,
-	value::{function::Function, range::RangeType, Value},
+	value::{function::Function, Value},
 };
 
 const MAGIC: [u8; 8] = *b"\x7fTALC\0\0\0";
@@ -109,12 +113,12 @@ impl<'w, W: Write> ProgramWriter<'w, W> {
 			}
 			Value::Int(n) => {
 				self.write_u8(3)?;
-				self.write_i64(*n)
+				self.write_int(n.clone())
 			}
 			Value::Ratio(r) => {
 				self.write_u8(4)?;
-				self.write_i64(*r.numer())?;
+				self.write_int(Int::from(r.numer().clone()))?;
-				self.write_i64(*r.denom())
+				self.write_int(Int::from(r.denom().clone()))
 			}
 			Value::Float(f) => {
 				self.write_u8(5)?;
@@ -127,13 +131,19 @@ impl<'w, W: Write> ProgramWriter<'w, W> {
 			}
 			Value::Range(r) => {
 				self.write_u8(7)?;
-				match r.ty {
+				if let Some(s) = &r.start {
-					RangeType::Open => self.write_u8(0)?,
+					self.write_u8(1)?;
-					RangeType::Closed => self.write_u8(1)?,
+					self.write_int(s.into())?;
-					RangeType::Endless => self.write_u8(2)?,
+				} else {
+					self.write_u8(0)?;
 				}
-				self.write_i64(r.start)?;
+				if let Some(e) = &r.end {
-				self.write_i64(r.stop)
+					self.write_u8(1)?;
+					self.write_int(e.into())?;
+				} else {
+					self.write_u8(0)?;
+				}
+				self.write_bool(r.inclusive)
 			}
 			Value::String(s) => {
 				self.write_u8(8)?;
@@ -194,11 +204,36 @@ impl<'w, W: Write> ProgramWriter<'w, W> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
+	fn write_int(&mut self, n: Int) -> Result<()> {
+		if let Some(i) = n.to_i64() {
+			self.write_u8(0x80)?;
+			self.write_i64(i)
+		} else {
+			let big = BigInt::from(n);
+			let (sign, digits) = big.to_u64_digits();
+			match sign {
+				Sign::Minus => self.write_u8(0xff)?,
+				Sign::NoSign => self.write_u8(0x00)?,
+				Sign::Plus => self.write_u8(0x01)?,
+			}
+			self.write_u32(digits.len() as u32)?;
+			for digit in digits {
+				self.write_u64(digit)?;
+			}
+			Ok(())
+		}
+	}
+
 	fn write_i64(&mut self, n: i64) -> Result<()> {
 		self.w.write_all(&n.to_le_bytes())?;
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
+	fn write_u64(&mut self, n: u64) -> Result<()> {
+		self.w.write_all(&n.to_le_bytes())?;
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
 	fn write_u32(&mut self, n: u32) -> Result<()> {
 		self.w.write_all(&n.to_le_bytes())?;
 		Ok(())

talc-lang/src/value/index.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 use crate::{
 	exception::{throw, Result},
-	symbol::{symbol, SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_INDEX_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR},
+	lstring::LStr,
+	number::Int,
+	prelude::*,
+	symbol::{symbol, SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_INDEX_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	value::function::NativeFunc,
 	vm::Vm,
 	vmcalliter,
 };
 
-use super::{range::RangeType, Value};
+use super::Value;
 
 impl Value {
 	pub fn index(&self, idx: Self) -> Result<Self> {
@@ -14,8 +17,15 @@ impl Value {
 		match (self, idx) {
 			(V::List(l), V::Int(i)) => {
 				let l = l.borrow();
-				if i >= 0 && (i as usize) < l.len() {
+				let Some(i) = i.to_usize() else {
-					Ok(l[i as usize].clone())
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+						"index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+						l.len()
+					)
+				};
+				if i < l.len() {
+					Ok(l[i].clone())
 				} else {
 					throw!(
 						*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
@@ -25,14 +35,20 @@ impl Value {
 				}
 			}
 			(V::Range(r), V::Int(i)) => {
-				if i >= 0
+				if !i.is_negative() {
-					&& (r.ty == RangeType::Endless
+					if let Some(s) = &r.start {
-						|| i < r.stop || (r.ty == RangeType::Closed && i == r.stop))
+						let n = &Int::from(s) + &i;
-				{
+						if let Some(e) = &r.end {
-					Ok((r.start + i).into())
+							let e = Int::from(e);
-				} else {
+							if n < e || (n == e && r.inclusive) {
-					throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "index {i} out of bounds for range {self}")
+								return Ok(n.into())
 							}
+						} else {
+							return Ok(n.into())
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "index {i} out of bounds for range {self}")
 			}
 			(V::Table(t), i) if i.hashable() => {
 				let t = t.borrow();
@@ -40,58 +56,13 @@ impl Value {
 				Ok(t.get(&i).cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Nil))
 			}
 			(V::String(s), V::Range(r)) => {
-				let slen = s.len();
+				let ns = r.index_slice(s.as_bytes());
-				match r.ty {
+				Ok(LStr::from_bytes(ns).into())
-					RangeType::Open => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								slen
-							)
-						}
-						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								slen
-							)
-						}
-						Ok(s[r.start as usize..r.stop as usize].into())
-					}
-					RangeType::Closed => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								slen
-							)
-						}
-						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop >= slen as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								slen
-							)
-						}
-						Ok(s[r.start as usize..=r.stop as usize].into())
-					}
-					RangeType::Endless => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								slen
-							)
-						}
-						Ok(s[r.start as usize..].into())
-					}
 			}
+			(V::List(l), V::Range(r)) => {
+				let l = l.borrow();
+				let nl = r.index_slice(l.as_slice());
+				Ok(nl.to_vec().into())
 			}
 			(col, idx) => {
 				if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
@@ -113,8 +84,15 @@ impl Value {
 		match (self, idx) {
 			(V::List(l), V::Int(i)) => {
 				let mut l = l.borrow_mut();
-				if i >= 0 && (i as usize) < l.len() {
+				let Some(i) = i.to_usize() else {
-					l[i as usize] = val;
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+						"index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+						l.len()
+					)
+				};
+				if i < l.len() {
+					l[i] = val;
 					Ok(())
 				} else {
 					throw!(
@@ -135,70 +113,28 @@ impl Value {
 				Ok(())
 			}
 			(V::List(t), V::Range(r)) => {
+				if let Value::List(l) = val {
+					let mut tm = t.borrow_mut();
+					if let Ok(l) = l.try_borrow() {
+						r.replace_range(&mut tm, l.as_slice());
+						Ok(())
+					} else {
+						throw!(
+							*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+							"cannot replace part of a list with itself"
+						)
+					}
+				} else {
 					let iter = val.to_iter_function()?;
 					let mut vals = Vec::new();
 					while let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 						vals.push(v);
 					}
 					let mut tm = t.borrow_mut();
-				match r.ty {
+					r.replace_range(&mut tm, &vals);
-					RangeType::Open => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								tm.len()
-							)
-						}
-						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								tm.len()
-							)
-						}
-						let end = tm.split_off(r.stop as usize);
-						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
-						tm.extend(vals.into_iter().chain(end));
-					}
-					RangeType::Closed => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								tm.len()
-							)
-						}
-						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop >= tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								tm.len()
-							)
-						}
-						let end = tm.split_off(r.stop as usize + 1);
-						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
-						tm.extend(vals.into_iter().chain(end));
-					}
-					RangeType::Endless => {
-						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(
-								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
-								r.stop,
-								tm.len()
-							)
-						}
-						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
-						tm.extend(vals);
-					}
-				}
 					Ok(())
 				}
+			}
 			(col, idx) => {
 				if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
 					let val = val.to_iter_function()?;

talc-lang/src/value/mod.rs

@@ -3,23 +3,19 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::io;
 use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt::Display, hash::Hash, rc::Rc};
 
-pub use num_complex::Complex64;
+use num::{complex::Complex64, BigInt};
-use num_complex::ComplexFloat;
-pub use num_rational::Rational64;
 
 use crate::exception::{throw, Exception};
 use crate::lstring::{LStr, LString};
+use crate::number::{Int, Range, Ratio};
+use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::symbol::{Symbol, SYM_HASH_ERROR};
 
-use self::{
+use self::function::{Function, NativeFunc};
-	function::{Function, NativeFunc},
-	range::{Range, RangeType},
-};
 
 pub mod function;
 pub mod index;
 pub mod ops;
-pub mod range;
 
 type RcList = Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>;
 type RcTable = Rc<RefCell<HashMap<HashValue, Value>>>;
@@ -31,11 +27,11 @@ pub enum Value {
 	Nil,
 	Bool(bool),
 	Symbol(Symbol),
-	Range(Range),
+	Range(Rc<Range>),
 
-	Int(i64),
+	Int(Int),
 	Float(f64),
-	Ratio(Rational64),
+	Ratio(Rc<Ratio>),
 	Complex(Complex64),
 
 	Cell(Rc<RefCell<Value>>),
@@ -113,11 +109,7 @@ impl Value {
 				}
 				Ok(())
 			}
-			Self::Range(r) => match r.ty {
+			Self::Range(r) => write!(w, "{r}"),
-				RangeType::Open => write!(w, "{}..{}", r.start, r.stop),
-				RangeType::Closed => write!(w, "{}..={}", r.start, r.stop),
-				RangeType::Endless => write!(w, "{}..*", r.start),
-			},
 			Self::Int(i) => write!(w, "{i}"),
 			Self::Float(x) => write!(w, "{x:?}"),
 			Self::Ratio(r) => write!(w, "{}/{}", r.numer(), r.denom()),
@@ -401,6 +393,23 @@ macro_rules! impl_from {
 			}
 		}
 	};
+	($ty:ty, $var:ident, rchash) => {
+		impl From<$ty> for Value {
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(Rc::new(value))
+			}
+		}
+		impl From<Rc<$ty>> for Value {
+			fn from(value: Rc<$ty>) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value)
+			}
+		}
+		impl From<$ty> for HashValue {
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self(Value::$var(Rc::new(value)))
+			}
+		}
+	};
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident, into) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
 			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
@@ -412,10 +421,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_from {
 
 impl_from!(bool, Bool, hash);
 impl_from!(Symbol, Symbol, hash);
-impl_from!(Range, Range);
+impl_from!(Range, Range, rc);
-impl_from!(i64, Int, hash);
+impl_from!(Int, Int, hash);
+impl_from!(i64, Int, into);
+impl_from!(BigInt, Int, into);
 impl_from!(f64, Float);
-impl_from!(Rational64, Ratio, hash);
+impl_from!(Ratio, Ratio, rchash);
 impl_from!(Complex64, Complex);
 impl_from!(HashMap<HashValue, Value>, Table, rcref);
 impl_from!(Vec<Value>, List, rcref);
@@ -439,3 +450,15 @@ impl<T: NativeValue + 'static> From<T> for Value {
 		Self::Native(Rc::new(value))
 	}
 }
+
+impl From<String> for Value {
+	fn from(value: String) -> Self {
+		Self::String(LStr::from_str(&value).into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Value {
+	fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
+		Self::String(LStr::from_str(value).into())
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/value/ops.rs

@@ -5,43 +5,31 @@ use std::{
 	rc::Rc,
 };
 
-use num_complex::{Complex64, ComplexFloat};
+use num::complex::Complex64;
-use num_rational::Rational64;
-use num_traits::{CheckedAdd, CheckedDiv, CheckedMul, CheckedSub, Signed, Zero};
 
 use crate::{
 	exception::{throw, Result},
 	lstring::LString,
+	number::{Int, Range, Ratio},
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{symbol, SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
-	value::range::RangeType,
 	vm::Vm,
 };
 
 use super::{
 	function::{FuncAttrs, NativeFunc},
-	range::Range,
 	HashValue, Value,
 };
 
-pub trait RatioExt {
-	fn to_f64(&self) -> f64;
-}
-
-impl RatioExt for Rational64 {
-	fn to_f64(&self) -> f64 {
-		num_traits::ToPrimitive::to_f64(self).unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
-	}
-}
-
 impl Value {
 	pub fn truthy(&self) -> bool {
 		match self {
 			Value::Nil => false,
 			Value::Bool(b) => *b,
-			Value::Range(r) => matches!(r.len(), None | Some(1..)),
+			Value::Range(r) => !r.is_empty(),
-			Value::Int(n) => *n != 0,
+			Value::Int(n) => !n.is_zero(),
 			Value::Float(x) => *x != 0.0 && !x.is_nan(),
-			Value::Ratio(r) => !(*r.numer() == 0 && *r.denom() != 0),
+			Value::Ratio(r) => !r.is_zero(),
 			Value::Complex(c) => !(c.re == 0.0 && c.im == 0.0 || c.is_nan()),
 			Value::String(s) => !s.is_empty(),
 			Value::List(l) => l.borrow().len() > 0,
@@ -59,17 +47,17 @@ impl Value {
 pub fn promote(a: Value, b: Value) -> (Value, Value) {
 	use Value as V;
 	match (&a, &b) {
-		(V::Int(x), V::Ratio(..)) => (V::Ratio((*x).into()), b),
+		(V::Int(x), V::Ratio(..)) => (V::Ratio(Ratio::from(x).into()), b),
-		(V::Int(x), V::Float(..)) => (V::Float(*x as f64), b),
+		(V::Int(x), V::Float(..)) => (V::Float(x.to_f64_uc()), b),
-		(V::Int(x), V::Complex(..)) => (V::Complex((*x as f64).into()), b),
+		(V::Int(x), V::Complex(..)) => (V::Complex(x.to_f64_uc().into()), b),
-		(V::Ratio(x), V::Float(..)) => (V::Float(x.to_f64()), b),
+		(V::Ratio(x), V::Float(..)) => (V::Float(x.to_f64_uc()), b),
-		(V::Ratio(x), V::Complex(..)) => (V::Complex(x.to_f64().into()), b),
+		(V::Ratio(x), V::Complex(..)) => (V::Complex(x.to_f64_uc().into()), b),
 		(V::Float(x), V::Complex(..)) => (V::Complex(x.into()), b),
-		(V::Ratio(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Ratio((*y).into())),
+		(V::Ratio(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Ratio(Ratio::from(y).into())),
-		(V::Float(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Float(*y as f64)),
+		(V::Float(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Float(y.to_f64_uc())),
-		(V::Complex(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Complex((*y as f64).into())),
+		(V::Complex(..), V::Int(y)) => (a, V::Complex(y.to_f64_uc().into())),
-		(V::Float(..), V::Ratio(y)) => (a, V::Float(y.to_f64())),
+		(V::Float(..), V::Ratio(y)) => (a, V::Float(y.to_f64_uc())),
-		(V::Complex(..), V::Ratio(y)) => (a, V::Complex(y.to_f64().into())),
+		(V::Complex(..), V::Ratio(y)) => (a, V::Complex(y.to_f64_uc().into())),
 		(V::Complex(..), V::Float(y)) => (a, V::Complex((*y).into())),
 		_ => (a, b),
 	}
@@ -84,20 +72,8 @@ impl Neg for Value {
 	fn neg(self) -> Self::Output {
 		use Value as V;
 		match self {
-			V::Int(x) => {
+			V::Int(x) => Ok(V::Int(-x)),
-				if let Some(x) = x.checked_neg() {
+			V::Ratio(x) => Ok(V::Ratio((-x.as_ref()).into())),
-					Ok(V::Int(x))
-				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when negating {self}")
-				}
-			}
-			V::Ratio(x) => {
-				if let Some(x) = Rational64::ZERO.checked_sub(&x) {
-					Ok(V::Ratio(x))
-				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when negating {self}")
-				}
-			}
 			V::Float(x) => Ok(V::Float(-x)),
 			V::Complex(x) => Ok(V::Complex(-x)),
 			a => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot negate {a:#}"),
@@ -109,26 +85,8 @@ impl Value {
 	pub fn abs(self) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
 		match self {
-			V::Int(x) => {
+			V::Int(x) => Ok(V::Int(x.abs())),
-				if let Some(x) = x.checked_abs() {
+			V::Ratio(x) => Ok(V::Ratio(x.abs().into())),
-					Ok(V::Int(x))
-				} else {
-					throw!(
-						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-						"overflow when finding absolute value of {self}"
-					)
-				}
-			}
-			V::Ratio(x) => {
-				if let Some((x, _)) = ratio_checked_absign(&x) {
-					Ok(V::Ratio(x))
-				} else {
-					throw!(
-						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-						"overflow when finding absolute value of {self}"
-					)
-				}
-			}
 			V::Float(x) => Ok(V::Float(x.abs())),
 			V::Complex(x) => Ok(V::Float(x.norm())),
 			a => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot negate {a:#}"),
@@ -141,7 +99,7 @@ impl Value {
 /////////////////////////
 
 macro_rules! impl_value_arith {
-    ($trait:ident, $name:ident, $checked:ident, $op:tt, $verb:literal) => {
+	($trait:ident, $name:ident, $op:tt, $verb:literal) => {
 
 		impl $trait<Value> for Value {
 			type Output = Result<Self>;
@@ -149,16 +107,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_value_arith {
 				use Value as V;
 				let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
 				match (&a, &b) {
-                    (V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => if let Some(v) = x.$checked(y) {
+					(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x $op y)),
-                        Ok(V::Int(v))
+					(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio((x.as_ref() $op y.as_ref()).into())),
-                    } else {
-                        throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, concat!("overflow when ", $verb, "ing {} and {}"), a, b)
-                    },
-                    (V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => if let Some(v) = x.$checked(y) {
-                        Ok(V::Ratio(v))
-                    } else {
-                        throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, concat!("overflow when ", $verb, "ing {} and {}"), a, b)
-                    },
 					(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x $op y)),
 					(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x $op y)),
 					(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, concat!("cannot ", $verb, " {:#} and {:#}"), l, r)
@@ -169,9 +119,9 @@ macro_rules! impl_value_arith {
 	};
 }
 
-impl_value_arith!(Add, add, checked_add, +, "add");
+impl_value_arith!(Add, add, +, "add");
-impl_value_arith!(Sub, sub, checked_sub, -, "subtract");
+impl_value_arith!(Sub, sub, -, "subtract");
-impl_value_arith!(Mul, mul, checked_mul, *, "multiply");
+impl_value_arith!(Mul, mul, *, "multiply");
 
 impl Div<Value> for Value {
 	type Output = Result<Self>;
@@ -179,18 +129,16 @@ impl Div<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
 		match (&a, &b) {
-			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer division by 0"),
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(Value::Ratio((*x, *y).into())),
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer division by 0")
+			}
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				Ok(Value::from(Ratio::new(x.clone().into(), y.clone().into())))
+			}
 			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(r)) if r.is_zero() => {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational division by 0")
 			}
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio((x.as_ref() / y.as_ref()).into())),
-				if let Some(v) = x.checked_div(y) {
-					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
-				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when dividing {a} and {b}")
-				}
-			}
 			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x / y)),
 			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x / y)),
 			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot divide {l:#} and {r:#}"),
@@ -202,54 +150,20 @@ impl Div<Value> for Value {
 //  modulo and integer division  //
 ///////////////////////////////////
 
-#[inline]
-fn ratio_checked_absign(r: &Rational64) -> Option<(Rational64, Rational64)> {
-	let a = if r.is_negative() {
-		Rational64::ZERO.checked_sub(r)?
-	} else {
-		*r
-	};
-	Some((a, r.signum()))
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn ratio_checked_div_euclid(r1: &Rational64, r2: &Rational64) -> Option<Rational64> {
-	let (r2_abs, r2_sgn) = ratio_checked_absign(r2)?;
-	Some(r1.checked_div(&r2_abs)?.floor() * r2_sgn)
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn ratio_checked_rem_euclid(r1: &Rational64, r2: &Rational64) -> Option<Rational64> {
-	let q = ratio_checked_div_euclid(r1, r2)?;
-	r1.checked_sub(&r2.checked_mul(&q)?)
-}
-
 impl Value {
 	pub fn modulo(self, rhs: Value) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
 		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
 		match (&a, &b) {
-			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer modulo by 0"),
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer modulo by 0")
-				if let Some(v) = x.checked_rem_euclid(*y) {
-					Ok(V::Int(v))
-				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when calculating {a} modulo {b}")
 			}
-			}
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x.rem_euclid(y))),
-
 			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational modulo by 0")
 			}
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x.rem_euclid(y).into())),
-				if let Some(v) = ratio_checked_rem_euclid(x, y) {
+			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.rem_euclid(y))),
-					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
-				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when calculating {a} modulo {b}")
-				}
-			}
-
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.rem_euclid(*y))),
 			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => {
 				let n = x / y;
 				let n = Complex64::new(n.re().floor(), n.im().floor());
@@ -263,33 +177,15 @@ impl Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
 		match (&a, &b) {
-			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer divsion by 0"),
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer divsion by 0")
-				if let Some(v) = x.checked_div_euclid(*y) {
-					Ok(V::Int(v))
-				} else {
-					throw!(
-						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-						"overflow when integer dividing {a} and {b}"
-					)
 			}
-			}
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(Value::from(x.div_euclid(y))),
-
 			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer division by 0")
 			}
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x.rem_euclid(y).into())),
-				if let Some(v) = ratio_checked_div_euclid(x, y) {
+			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.div_euclid(y))),
-					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
-				} else {
-					throw!(
-						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-						"overflow when integer dividing {a} and {b}"
-					)
-				}
-			}
-
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.div_euclid(*y))),
 			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => {
 				let n = x / y;
 				Ok(V::from(Complex64::new(n.re().floor(), n.im().floor())))
@@ -304,29 +200,11 @@ impl Value {
 //////////////////////
 
 #[inline]
-fn ipow(n: i64, p: u64) -> Option<i64> {
+fn rpow(n: &Int, d: &Int, p: &Int) -> Option<Ratio> {
-	match (n, p) {
+	let (sign, p) = (p.isignum(), p.abs());
-		(0, 0) => None,
+	match sign {
-		(0, _) => Some(0),
+		0.. => Some(Ratio::new(n.ipow(&p)?.into(), d.ipow(&p)?.into())),
-		(_, 0) => Some(1),
+		_ => Some(Ratio::new(d.ipow(&p)?.into(), n.ipow(&p)?.into())),
-		(1, _) => Some(1),
-		(-1, p) => (-1_i64).checked_pow((p % 2) as u32),
-		(_, p) if p > u32::MAX as u64 => None,
-		(n, p) => n.checked_pow(p as u32),
-	}
-}
-
-#[inline]
-fn rpow(n: i64, d: i64, p: i64) -> Option<(i64, i64)> {
-	match p {
-		i64::MIN => match (n, d) {
-			(0, _) => Some((0, 1)),
-			(1, 1) => Some((1, 1)),
-			(-1, 1) => Some((-1, 1)),
-			_ => None,
-		},
-		0.. => Some((ipow(n, p as u64)?, ipow(d, p as u64)?)),
-		_ => Some((ipow(d, (-p) as u64)?, ipow(n, (-p) as u64)?)),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -334,10 +212,10 @@ impl Value {
 	pub fn pow(self, rhs: Value) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
 		if let (V::Ratio(x), V::Int(y)) = (&self, &rhs) {
-			if x.is_zero() && *y == 0 {
+			if x.is_zero() && y.is_zero() {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational zero to integer zero power")
 			}
-			let Some(v) = rpow(*(*x).numer(), *(*x).denom(), *y) else {
+			let Some(v) = rpow(&x.numer().into(), &x.denom().into(), y) else {
 				throw!(
 					*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 					"overflow when raising {self} to the power {rhs}"
@@ -347,11 +225,11 @@ impl Value {
 		}
 		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
 		match (&a, &b) {
-			(V::Int(0), V::Int(0)) => {
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) if x.is_zero() && y.is_zero() => {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer zero to integer zero power")
 			}
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y @ 0..)) => {
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) if !y.is_negative() => {
-				if let Some(v) = ipow(*x, *y as u64) {
+				if let Some(v) = x.ipow(y) {
 					Ok(V::Int(v))
 				} else {
 					throw!(
@@ -361,7 +239,7 @@ impl Value {
 				}
 			}
 			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
-				if let Some(v) = rpow(*x, 1, *y) {
+				if let Some(v) = rpow(x, &Int::ONE, y) {
 					Ok(V::Ratio(v.into()))
 				} else {
 					throw!(
@@ -370,7 +248,7 @@ impl Value {
 					)
 				}
 			}
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.to_f64().powf(y.to_f64()))),
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.to_f64_uc().powf(y.to_f64_uc()))),
 			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.powf(*y))),
 			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x.powc(*y))),
 			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot exponentiate {l:#} and {r:#}"),
@@ -389,7 +267,16 @@ impl Shl<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => {
-				Ok(Value::Int((a as u64).wrapping_shl(b as u32) as i64))
+				if b.is_negative() {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+						"cannot shift {a} left by negative amount {b}"
+					)
+				}
+				if b.gt_i64(u32::MAX as i64) {
+					throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {a} left by {b}: too large")
+				}
+				Ok(Value::Int(a << b))
 			}
 			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} left by {r:#}"),
 		}
@@ -403,7 +290,13 @@ impl Shr<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => {
-				Ok(Value::Int((a as u64).wrapping_shr(b as u32) as i64))
+				if b.is_negative() {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+						"cannot shift {a} right by negative amount {b}"
+					)
+				}
+				Ok(Value::Int(a >> b))
 			}
 			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}"),
 		}
@@ -464,7 +357,6 @@ impl Not for Value {
 
 impl PartialEq for Value {
 	fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-		use super::range::RangeType as Rty;
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, other) {
 			(V::Nil, V::Nil) => true,
@@ -473,31 +365,23 @@ impl PartialEq for Value {
 			(V::Ratio(a), V::Ratio(b)) => *a == *b,
 			(V::Float(a), V::Float(b)) => *a == *b,
 			(V::Complex(a), V::Complex(b)) => *a == *b,
-			(V::Int(a), V::Ratio(b)) => Rational64::from(*a) == *b,
+			(V::Int(a), V::Ratio(b)) => b.is_integer() && a.to_big().as_ref() == b.numer(),
-			(V::Ratio(a), V::Int(b)) => *a == Rational64::from(*b),
+			(V::Ratio(a), V::Int(b)) => a.is_integer() && a.numer() == b.to_big().as_ref(),
-			(V::Int(a), V::Float(b)) => *a as f64 == *b,
+			(V::Int(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64_uc() == *b,
-			(V::Float(a), V::Int(b)) => *a == *b as f64,
+			(V::Float(a), V::Int(b)) => *a == b.to_f64_uc(),
-			(V::Int(a), V::Complex(b)) => Complex64::from(*a as f64) == *b,
+			(V::Int(a), V::Complex(b)) => Complex64::from(a.to_f64_uc()) == *b,
-			(V::Complex(a), V::Int(b)) => *a == Complex64::from(*b as f64),
+			(V::Complex(a), V::Int(b)) => *a == Complex64::from(b.to_f64_uc()),
-			(V::Ratio(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64() == *b,
+			(V::Ratio(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64_uc() == *b,
-			(V::Float(a), V::Ratio(b)) => *a == b.to_f64(),
+			(V::Float(a), V::Ratio(b)) => *a == b.to_f64_uc(),
-			(V::Ratio(a), V::Complex(b)) => Complex64::from(a.to_f64()) == *b,
+			(V::Ratio(a), V::Complex(b)) => Complex64::from(a.to_f64_uc()) == *b,
-			(V::Complex(a), V::Ratio(b)) => *a == Complex64::from(b.to_f64()),
+			(V::Complex(a), V::Ratio(b)) => *a == Complex64::from(b.to_f64_uc()),
 			(V::Float(a), V::Complex(b)) => Complex64::from(*a) == *b,
 			(V::Complex(a), V::Float(b)) => *a == Complex64::from(*b),
 			(V::String(a), V::String(b)) => *a == *b,
 			(V::List(a), V::List(b)) => *a.borrow() == *b.borrow(),
 			(V::Symbol(a), V::Symbol(b)) => a == b,
 			(V::Cell(a), V::Cell(b)) => *a.borrow() == *b.borrow(),
-			(V::Range(a), V::Range(b)) => match (a.ty, b.ty) {
+			(V::Range(a), V::Range(b)) => a.as_ref() == b.as_ref(),
-				(Rty::Open, Rty::Open) | (Rty::Closed, Rty::Closed) => {
-					a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop
-				}
-				(Rty::Open, Rty::Closed) => a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop - 1,
-				(Rty::Closed, Rty::Open) => a.start == b.start && a.stop - 1 == b.stop,
-				(Rty::Endless, Rty::Endless) => a.start == b.start,
-				_ => false,
-			},
 			(V::Native(a), b) => a.partial_eq(b),
 			(a, V::Native(b)) => b.partial_eq(a),
 			_ => false,
@@ -514,12 +398,12 @@ impl PartialOrd for Value {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => a.partial_cmp(b),
 			(V::Ratio(a), V::Ratio(b)) => a.partial_cmp(b),
 			(V::Float(a), V::Float(b)) => a.partial_cmp(b),
-			(V::Int(a), V::Ratio(b)) => Rational64::from(*a).partial_cmp(b),
+			(V::Int(a), V::Ratio(b)) => Ratio::from(a).partial_cmp(b),
-			(V::Ratio(a), V::Int(b)) => a.partial_cmp(&Rational64::from(*b)),
+			(V::Ratio(a), V::Int(b)) => a.as_ref().partial_cmp(&Ratio::from(b)),
-			(V::Int(a), V::Float(b)) => (*a as f64).partial_cmp(b),
+			(V::Int(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64_uc().partial_cmp(b),
-			(V::Float(a), V::Int(b)) => a.partial_cmp(&(*b as f64)),
+			(V::Float(a), V::Int(b)) => a.partial_cmp(&b.to_f64_uc()),
-			(V::Ratio(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64().partial_cmp(b),
+			(V::Ratio(a), V::Float(b)) => a.to_f64_uc().partial_cmp(b),
-			(V::Float(a), V::Ratio(b)) => a.partial_cmp(&b.to_f64()),
+			(V::Float(a), V::Ratio(b)) => a.partial_cmp(&b.to_f64_uc()),
 			(V::String(a), V::String(b)) => a.partial_cmp(b),
 			(V::List(a), V::List(b)) => a.borrow().partial_cmp(&*b.borrow()),
 			(V::Symbol(a), V::Symbol(b)) => a.partial_cmp(b),
@@ -574,19 +458,9 @@ impl Value {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn range(&self, other: &Self, closed: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+	pub fn range(&self, other: &Self) -> Result<Self> {
-		if let (Value::Int(start), Value::Int(stop)) = (self, other) {
+		if let (Value::Int(start), Value::Int(end)) = (self, other) {
-			let ty = if closed {
+			Ok(Range::range(start, end).into())
-				RangeType::Closed
-			} else {
-				RangeType::Open
-			};
-			Ok(Range {
-				start: *start,
-				stop: *stop,
-				ty,
-			}
-			.into())
 		} else {
 			throw!(
 				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
@@ -595,19 +469,48 @@ impl Value {
 		}
 	}
 
-	pub fn range_endless(&self) -> Result<Self> {
+	pub fn range_incl(&self, other: &Self) -> Result<Self> {
-		if let Value::Int(start) = self {
+		if let (Value::Int(start), Value::Int(end)) = (self, other) {
-			Ok(Range {
+			Ok(Range::range_incl(start, end).into())
-				start: *start,
-				stop: 0,
-				ty: RangeType::Endless,
-			}
-			.into())
 		} else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create endless range from {self:#}")
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"cannot create range between {self:#} and {other:#}"
+			)
 		}
 	}
 
+	pub fn range_from(&self) -> Result<Self> {
+		if let Value::Int(start) = self {
+			Ok(Range::range_from(start).into())
+		} else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create range from {self:#}")
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_to(&self) -> Result<Self> {
+		if let Value::Int(end) = self {
+			Ok(Range::range_to(end).into())
+		} else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create range to {self:#}")
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_to_incl(&self) -> Result<Self> {
+		if let Value::Int(end) = self {
+			Ok(Range::range_to_incl(end).into())
+		} else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create range to {self:#}")
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn range_all() -> Self {
+		thread_local! {
+			static RANGE_ALL: Rc<Range> = Rc::new(Range::range_all());
+		}
+		Self::Range(RANGE_ALL.with(|x| x.clone()))
+	}
+
 	pub fn to_cell(self) -> Self {
 		Value::Cell(Rc::new(RefCell::new(self)))
 	}
@@ -630,7 +533,10 @@ impl Value {
 		match self {
 			Self::Function(_) | Self::NativeFunc(_) => Ok(self),
 			Self::Range(range) => {
-				let range_iter = RefCell::new(range.into_iter());
+				let Some(iter) = range.try_iterate() else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "cannot iterate range {range}")
+				};
+				let range_iter = RefCell::new(iter);
 				let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| -> Result<Value> {
 					Ok(Value::iter_pack(
 						range_iter.borrow_mut().next().map(Value::from),

talc-lang/src/value/range.rs

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RangeType {
-	Open,
-	Closed,
-	Endless,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub struct Range {
-	pub start: i64,
-	pub stop: i64,
-	pub ty: RangeType,
-}
-
-impl Range {
-	pub fn len(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-		match self.ty {
-			RangeType::Open => Some((self.stop - self.start).max(0) as usize),
-			RangeType::Closed => Some((self.stop - self.start + 1).max(0) as usize),
-			RangeType::Endless => None,
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-		match self.ty {
-			RangeType::Open => self.stop - self.start <= 0,
-			RangeType::Closed => self.stop - self.start < 0,
-			RangeType::Endless => false,
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-impl IntoIterator for Range {
-	type Item = i64;
-	type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = i64>>;
-	fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-		match self.ty {
-			RangeType::Open => Box::new(self.start..self.stop),
-			RangeType::Closed => Box::new(self.start..=self.stop),
-			RangeType::Endless => Box::new(self.start..),
-		}
-	}
-}

talc-lang/src/vm.rs

@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ pub fn binary_op(o: BinaryOp, a: Value, b: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 		BinaryOp::Ge => a.val_cmp(&b).map(|o| Value::Bool(o != Ordering::Less)),
 		BinaryOp::Lt => a.val_cmp(&b).map(|o| Value::Bool(o == Ordering::Less)),
 		BinaryOp::Le => a.val_cmp(&b).map(|o| Value::Bool(o != Ordering::Greater)),
-		BinaryOp::Range => a.range(&b, false),
+		BinaryOp::Range => a.range(&b),
-		BinaryOp::RangeIncl => a.range(&b, true),
+		BinaryOp::RangeIncl => a.range_incl(&b),
 		BinaryOp::Concat => a.concat(&b),
 		BinaryOp::Append => a.append(b),
 	}
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ pub fn unary_op(o: UnaryOp, a: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 		UnaryOp::Neg => -a,
 		UnaryOp::Not => Ok(Value::Bool(!a.truthy())),
 		UnaryOp::BitNot => a.not(),
-		UnaryOp::RangeEndless => a.range_endless(),
+		UnaryOp::RangeFrom => a.range_from(),
+		UnaryOp::RangeTo => a.range_to(),
+		UnaryOp::RangeToIncl => a.range_to_incl(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -352,7 +354,7 @@ impl Vm {
 				self.push(Value::Symbol(sym));
 			}
 			// [] -> [n]
-			I::Int(n) => self.push(Value::Int(i64::from(n))),
+			I::Int(n) => self.push(Value::from(i64::from(n))),
 			// [x] -> [x,x]
 			I::Dup => self.push(self.stack[self.stack.len() - 1].clone()),
 			// [x,y] -> [x,y,x,y]

talc-lang/tests/vm.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn scope() {
 			end
 			x + y
 		",
-		Value::Int(7 + 100),
+		Value::from(7 + 100),
 	);
 	assert_eval(
 		"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fn scope() {
 			if cond then var z = 5 else var z = 6 end
 			z
 		",
-		Value::Int(2),
+		Value::from(2),
 	);
 	assert_eval(
 		"
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn scope() {
 			end
 			i + j
 		",
-		Value::Int(55 + 9),
+		Value::from(55 + 9),
 	);
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn forloop() {
 			end
 			sum
 		",
-		Value::Int(45 * 10),
+		Value::from(45 * 10),
 	);
 	assert_eval(
 		"
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn forloop() {
 			end
 			prod
 		",
-		Value::Int(3 * 2 * 4 * 7),
+		Value::from(3 * 2 * 4 * 7),
 	);
 }
 
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ fn closures() {
 	assert_eval(
 		"
 			var x = 2
-            next = \\. do x = x * 2 + 1 end
+			next = \\->do x = x * 2 + 1 end
 			next() + next() + next()
 		",
-		Value::Int(5 + 11 + 23),
+		Value::from(5 + 11 + 23),
 	);
 	assert_eval(
 		"
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn closures() {
 			var g = outer(6)
 			f() + f() + g() + g() + f()
 		",
-		Value::Int(2 + 5 + 11 + 18 + 22),
+		Value::from(2 + 5 + 11 + 18 + 22),
 	);
 }
 
@@ -125,6 +125,6 @@ fn tailcall() {
 			end
 			test(24, 0)
 		",
-		Value::Int(300),
+		Value::from(300),
 	) // = 24 + 23 + ... + 1
 }

talc-std/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ edition = "2021"
 talc-lang = { path = "../talc-lang" }
 talc-macros = { path = "../talc-macros" }
 lazy_static = "1.5"
+num-bigint = { version = "0.4", features = ["rand"], optional = true }
 regex = { version = "1.11", optional = true }
 rand = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 
 [features]
 default = ["rand", "regex"]
-rand = ["dep:rand"]
+rand = ["dep:rand", "dep:num-bigint"]
 regex = ["dep:regex"]

talc-std/src/collection.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::{exception, Result},
+	number::Int,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
 	value::{function::NativeFunc, Value},
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ pub fn clear(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	Ok(col)
 }
 
-fn call_comparison(vm: &mut Vm, by: Value, l: Value, r: Value) -> Result<i64> {
+fn call_comparison(vm: &mut Vm, by: Value, l: Value, r: Value) -> Result<Int> {
 	let ord = vmcall!(vm; by, l, r)?;
 	let Value::Int(ord) = ord else {
 		throw!(
@@ -117,17 +119,17 @@ fn partition_by(vals: &mut [Value], by: &Value, vm: &mut Vm) -> Result<(usize, u
 
 	while eq <= gt {
 		let ord = call_comparison(vm, by.clone(), vals[eq].clone(), pivot.clone())?;
-		match ord {
+		match ord.cmp(&Int::ZERO) {
-			..=-1 => {
+			Ordering::Less => {
 				vals.swap(eq, lt);
 				lt += 1;
 				eq += 1;
 			}
-			1.. => {
+			Ordering::Greater => {
 				vals.swap(eq, gt);
 				gt -= 1;
 			}
-			0 => {
+			Ordering::Equal => {
 				eq += 1;
 			}
 		}
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ fn insertion_by(vals: &mut [Value], by: &Value, vm: &mut Vm) -> Result<()> {
 		while j > 0 {
 			let ord =
 				call_comparison(vm, by.clone(), vals[j - 1].clone(), vals[j].clone())?;
-			if ord <= 0 {
+			if !ord.is_positive() {
 				break
 			}
 			vals.swap(j, j - 1);
@@ -212,9 +214,9 @@ pub fn sort_key(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		let a = vmcall!(vm; key.clone(), a)?;
 		let b = vmcall!(vm; key.clone(), b)?;
 		match a.partial_cmp(&b) {
-			Some(Ordering::Greater) => Ok(Value::Int(1)),
+			Some(Ordering::Greater) => Ok(Value::from(1)),
-			Some(Ordering::Equal) => Ok(Value::Int(0)),
+			Some(Ordering::Equal) => Ok(Value::from(0)),
-			Some(Ordering::Less) => Ok(Value::Int(-1)),
+			Some(Ordering::Less) => Ok(Value::from(-1)),
 			None => throw!(
 				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 				"values returned from sort key were incomparable"

talc-std/src/file.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::Result,
 	lstring::LString,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{symbol, Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
 	value::{function::NativeFunc, HashValue, NativeValue, Value},
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ pub fn read(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(nbytes) = nbytes else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read expected integer, got {nbytes:#}")
 	};
-	let Ok(nbytes) = usize::try_from(nbytes) else {
+	let Some(nbytes) = nbytes.to_usize() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 			"number of bytes to read must be nonnegative"
@@ -464,11 +465,14 @@ pub fn tcp_connect_timeout(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let timeout = match timeout {
-		Value::Int(n) if n >= 0 => Duration::from_secs(n as u64),
+		Value::Int(n) => match n.to_usize() {
+			Some(n) => Duration::from_secs(n as u64),
+			None => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout: invalid timeout",),
+		},
 		Value::Float(n) if n >= 0.0 && n <= Duration::MAX.as_secs_f64() => {
 			Duration::from_secs_f64(n)
 		}
-		Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) => {
+		Value::Float(_) => {
 			throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout: invalid timeout")
 		}
 		_ => throw!(
@@ -755,7 +759,7 @@ pub fn exit_code(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match proc.wait() {
 		Ok(code) => Ok(code
 			.code()
-			.map(|c| Value::Int(c as i64))
+			.map(|c| Value::from(c as i64))
 			.unwrap_or_default()),
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}

talc-std/src/format.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::{exception, Result},
 	lstring::{LStr, LString},
-	parser::{parse_int, to_lstring_radix},
+	number::{Complex, Int, Ratio},
+	parser::parse_int,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
 	throw,
-	value::{Complex64, Rational64, Value},
+	value::Value,
 	vm::Vm,
 };
 use talc_macros::native_func;
@@ -235,16 +237,16 @@ fn get_val(args: &[Value], i: FmtIndex, faidx: &mut usize) -> Result<usize> {
 	let Value::Int(v) = v else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
-			"expected positive integer argument, found {v:#}"
+			"expected small positive integer argument, found {v:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	if *v < 0 {
+	match v.to_usize() {
-		throw!(
+		Some(v) => Ok(v),
+		None => throw!(
 			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
-			"expected positive integer argument, found {v}"
+			"expected small positive integer argument, found {v}"
-		)
+		),
 	}
-	Ok(*v as usize)
 }
 
 fn format_float(
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ fn format_float(
 }
 
 fn format_complex(
-	cx: Complex64,
+	cx: Complex,
 	prec: Option<usize>,
 	ty: FmtType,
 	buf: &mut LString,
@@ -286,7 +288,7 @@ fn format_complex(
 }
 
 fn format_int(
-	n: i64,
+	n: &Int,
 	prec: Option<usize>,
 	ty: FmtType,
 	buf: &mut LString,
@@ -296,26 +298,25 @@ fn format_int(
 		throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for {ty_name}")
 	}
 	let res = match ty {
-		FmtType::Str => write!(buf, "{}", Value::Int(n)),
+		FmtType::Str | FmtType::Repr => write!(buf, "{}", n),
-		FmtType::Repr => write!(buf, "{:#}", Value::Int(n)),
+		FmtType::Hex(caps) => write!(buf, "{}", n.to_str_radix_case(16, caps)),
-		FmtType::Hex(caps) => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 16, caps)),
+		FmtType::Oct => write!(buf, "{}", n.to_str_radix(8)),
-		FmtType::Oct => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 8, false)),
+		FmtType::Sex => write!(buf, "{}", n.to_str_radix(6)),
-		FmtType::Sex => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 6, false)),
+		FmtType::Bin => write!(buf, "{}", n.to_str_radix(2)),
-		FmtType::Bin => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 2, false)),
 		_ => throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for {ty_name}"),
 	};
 	res.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "{e}"))
 }
 
 fn format_ratio(
-	n: Rational64,
+	n: &Ratio,
 	prec: Option<usize>,
 	ty: FmtType,
 	buf: &mut LString,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-	format_int(*n.numer(), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
+	format_int(&Int::from(n.numer()), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
 	buf.push_char('/');
-	format_int(*n.denom(), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
+	format_int(&Int::from(n.denom()), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
 	Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -383,8 +384,8 @@ fn format_arg(
 	let width_val = fmtcode.width.map(|i| get_val(args, i, faidx)).transpose()?;
 
 	match fmt_arg {
-		Value::Int(n) => format_int(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf, "integer")?,
+		Value::Int(n) => format_int(n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf, "integer")?,
-		Value::Ratio(n) => format_ratio(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
+		Value::Ratio(n) => format_ratio(n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
 		Value::Float(f) => format_float(*f, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf, "float")?,
 		Value::Complex(n) => format_complex(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
 		Value::String(s) => format_string(s, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,

talc-std/src/ints.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	number::Int,
+	prelude::*,
+	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::Value,
+	vm::Vm,
+	vmcalliter,
+};
+use talc_macros::native_func;
+
+use crate::unpack_args;
+
+fn miller_rabin_iter(n: &Int, s: u64, d: &Int, a: &Int) -> bool {
+	if a > n {
+		return true
+	}
+	let mut x = a.modpow(d, n);
+	for _ in 0..s {
+		let y = &(&x * &x) % n;
+		if y.eq_i64(1) && x.ne_i64(1) && x != (n - 1) {
+			return false
+		}
+		x = y;
+	}
+	x.eq_i64(1)
+}
+
+fn miller_rabin(n: &Int) -> bool {
+	if n.lt_i64(2) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if n.is_even() {
+		return n.eq_i64(2)
+	}
+	for p in [3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37] {
+		if (n % p).is_zero() {
+			return n.eq_i64(p)
+		}
+	}
+	if n.lt_i64(41) {
+		return false
+	}
+	let s = (n - 1).trailing_zeros().unwrap();
+	let d = n >> &Int::from(s);
+	for a in [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37] {
+		if !miller_rabin_iter(n, s, &d, &Int::from_small(a)) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	true
+}
+
+fn trial_div(n: u32) -> bool {
+	if n < 2 {
+		return false
+	}
+	if n % 2 == 0 {
+		return n == 2
+	}
+	for p in [3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37] {
+		if n % p == 0 {
+			return n == p
+		}
+	}
+	if n < 41 {
+		return false
+	}
+	let lim = n.sqrt();
+	let mut i = 41;
+	while i <= lim + 1 {
+		if n % i == 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+		if n % (i + 2) == 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+		i += 6;
+	}
+	true
+}
+
+fn is_prime_inner(n: &Int) -> bool {
+	if n.lt_i64(2) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if let Some(m) = n.to_u32() {
+		trial_div(m)
+	} else {
+		miller_rabin(n)
+	}
+}
+
+fn pollard_rho(n: &Int, a: Int, b: &Int) -> Option<Int> {
+	let mut x = a.clone();
+	let mut y = a.clone();
+	let mut d = Int::ONE;
+	while d.eq_i64(1) {
+		x = &(&(&x * &x) + b) % n;
+		y = &(&(&y * &y) + b) % n;
+		y = &(&(&y * &y) + b) % n;
+		d = (&x - &y).gcd(n);
+	}
+	if &d == n {
+		None
+	} else {
+		Some(d)
+	}
+}
+
+fn pollard_rho_checks(n: &Int) -> Int {
+	let nminus2 = n - 2;
+	let mut a = Int::from_small(2);
+	while &a < n {
+		let mut b = Int::ONE;
+		while b < nminus2 {
+			if let Some(f) = pollard_rho(n, a.clone(), &b) {
+				return f
+			}
+			b += 1;
+		}
+		a += 1;
+	}
+	// we should never get here, hopefully
+	n.clone()
+}
+
+fn recurse_pollard_rho(n: &Int, factors: &mut Vec<Int>) {
+	if is_prime_inner(n) {
+		factors.push(n.clone());
+		return
+	}
+	let factor = pollard_rho_checks(n);
+	recurse_pollard_rho(&factor, factors);
+	recurse_pollard_rho(&(n / &factor), factors);
+}
+
+fn factorize(n: &Int) -> Vec<Int> {
+	let mut n = n.abs();
+	let mut factors = Vec::new();
+	if n.lt_i64(2) {
+		return factors
+	}
+	let tz = n.trailing_zeros().unwrap();
+	n = &n >> &Int::from(tz);
+	for _ in 0..tz {
+		factors.push(Int::from_small(2));
+	}
+	while (&n % 3).is_zero() {
+		n /= 3;
+		factors.push(Int::from_small(3));
+	}
+
+	let nsqrt = n.sqrt();
+	let limit = nsqrt.min(Int::from_small(1 << 15));
+
+	let mut i = Int::from_small(5);
+	while i < limit && n.gt_i64(1) {
+		while (&n % &i).is_zero() {
+			n /= &i;
+			factors.push(i.clone());
+		}
+		i += 2;
+		while (&n % &i).is_zero() {
+			n /= &i;
+			factors.push(i.clone());
+		}
+		i += 4;
+	}
+	if &i * &i <= n {
+		let len = factors.len();
+		recurse_pollard_rho(&n, &mut factors);
+		factors[len..].sort_unstable();
+	} else if n.gt_i64(1) {
+		factors.push(n);
+	}
+	factors
+}
+
+pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
+	vm.set_global_name("isprime", isprime().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("factors", factors().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("totient", totient().into());
+
+	vm.set_global_name("powmod", powmod().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("invmod", invmod().into());
+
+	vm.set_global_name("gcd", gcd().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("gcdn", gcdn().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("lcm", lcm().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("lcmn", lcmn().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("isqrt", isqrt().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("iroot", iroot().into());
+
+	vm.set_global_name("jacobi", jacobi().into());
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn isprime(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(n) = n else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isprime expected integer argument, got {n:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	Ok(Value::from(is_prime_inner(&n)))
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn factors(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(n) = n else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"factors expected integer argument, got {n:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	let factors = factorize(&n);
+	let factors: Vec<Value> = factors.into_iter().map(Value::from).collect();
+	Ok(factors.into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn totient(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(n) = n else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"totient expected integer argument, got {n:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	if n.is_zero() {
+		return Ok(Value::from(n))
+	}
+	let mut res = Int::ONE;
+	let mut last_factor = Int::ONE;
+	for factor in factorize(&n) {
+		if last_factor != factor {
+			res *= &factor - 1;
+			last_factor = factor
+		} else {
+			res *= factor
+		}
+	}
+	Ok(res.into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(3)]
+pub fn powmod(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n, e, m] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let (Value::Int(n), Value::Int(e), Value::Int(m)) = (n, e, m) else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "powmod expected 3 integer arguments")
+	};
+	if m.is_zero() {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "powmod: modulus was zero")
+	}
+	if e.is_negative() {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "powmod: exponent was negative")
+	}
+	Ok(n.modpow(&e, &m).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn invmod(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n, m] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let (Value::Int(n), Value::Int(m)) = (n, m) else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invmod expected 2 integer arguments")
+	};
+	if m.is_zero() {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "invmod: modulus was zero")
+	}
+	match n.modinv(&m) {
+		Some(v) => Ok(v.into()),
+		None => Ok(Value::Int(0.into())),
+	}
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn gcd(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+	};
+	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
+	};
+	Ok(x.gcd(&y).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn gcdn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut g = Int::ZERO;
+
+	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
+		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcdn: cannot take gcd with {a:#}")
+		};
+		g = g.gcd(&a);
+	}
+
+	Ok(g.into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn lcm(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+	};
+	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
+	};
+	Ok(x.lcm(&y).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn lcmn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut l = Int::ONE;
+
+	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
+		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcmn: cannot take lcm with {a:#}")
+		};
+		l = l.lcm(&a);
+	}
+
+	Ok(Value::from(l))
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn isqrt(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isqrt expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	if x.is_negative() {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "isqrt: radicand must be non-negative")
+	}
+	Ok(Value::Int(x.sqrt()))
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn iroot(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, n, x] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let (Value::Int(n), Value::Int(x)) = (&n, &x) else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"iroot expected integer arguments, got {n:#} and {x:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	if x.is_negative() {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"isqrt: radicand must be non-negative, got {x}"
+		)
+	}
+	if !n.is_positive() {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "isqrt: degree must be positive, got {n}")
+	}
+	let Some(n) = n.to_u32() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "isqrt: degree {n} is too large")
+	};
+	Ok(Value::Int(x.nth_root(n)))
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn jacobi(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, a, n] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let (mut a, mut n) = match (a, n) {
+		(Value::Int(a), Value::Int(n)) => {
+			(a.to_big().into_owned(), n.to_big().into_owned())
+		}
+		(a, n) => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"jacobi expected integer arguments, got {a:#} and {n:#}",
+		),
+	};
+
+	// (a|0) = 1 if |a| = 1, 0 otherwise
+	if n.is_zero() {
+		if a.to_i32().is_some_and(|v| v == -1 || v == 1) {
+			return Ok(Value::from(1))
+		} else {
+			return Ok(Value::from(0))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// (k|l) = 0 if gcd(k,l) != 1
+	if a.is_even() && n.is_even() {
+		return Ok(Value::from(0))
+	}
+
+	let mut res = 1i64;
+	// (a|2n) = (a|2)(a|n),
+	// (a|2) = 0 if a is even, 1 if a = 1,7 mod 8, -1 if a = 3,5 mod 8
+	let am8 = ((&a % 8i32).to_i32().unwrap() + 8) % 8;
+	while n.is_even() {
+		n /= 2;
+		if am8 % 2 == 0 {
+			return Ok(Value::from(0))
+		}
+		if am8 == 3 || am8 == 5 {
+			res *= -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// (a|-1) = -1 if a < 0, 1 if a >= 0
+	if n.is_negative() {
+		n *= -1;
+		if a.is_negative() {
+			res *= -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	a = ((a % &n) + &n) % &n;
+	while !a.is_zero() {
+		// (2a|n) = (2|n)(a|n)
+		// (2|n) = 1 if a = 1,7 mod 8, -1 if a = 3,5 mod 8
+		while a.is_even() {
+			a /= 2;
+			let nm8 = ((&n % 8i32).to_i32().unwrap() + 8) % 8;
+			if nm8 == 3 || nm8 == 5 {
+				res *= -1;
+			}
+		}
+		// (m|n)(n|m) = (-1)^((m-1)/2 (n-1)/2)
+		std::mem::swap(&mut a, &mut n);
+		let am4 = ((&a % 4i32).to_i32().unwrap() + 4) % 4;
+		let nm4 = ((&n % 4i32).to_i32().unwrap() + 4) % 4;
+		if am4 == 3 && nm4 == 3 {
+			res *= -1;
+		}
+		// (a|n) = (a mod n|n)
+		a = ((a % &n) + &n) % &n;
+	}
+	if n.to_u32().is_some_and(|v| v == 1) {
+		return Ok(Value::from(res))
+	} else {
+		return Ok(Value::from(0))
+	}
+}

talc-std/src/io.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::{throw, Result},
 	lstring::LString,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	value::Value,
 	vm::Vm,
@@ -189,7 +190,14 @@ pub fn arg(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "arg expected integer, got {n:#}")
 	};
 	let cmd_args = vm.args();
-	if n < 0 || (n as usize) >= cmd_args.len() {
+	let Some(n) = n.to_usize() else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"arg number must be small positive integer, got {}",
+			n,
+		)
+	};
+	if n >= cmd_args.len() {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 			"arg number {} out of range for {} arguments",
@@ -197,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn arg(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			cmd_args.len()
 		)
 	}
-	Ok(Value::from(cmd_args[n as usize].clone()))
+	Ok(Value::from(cmd_args[n].clone()))
 }
 
 #[native_func(0)]

talc-std/src/iter.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
 
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::Result,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
-	value::{function::NativeFunc, ops::RatioExt, range::RangeType, HashValue, Value},
+	value::{function::NativeFunc, HashValue, Value},
 	vm::Vm,
 	vmcall, vmcalliter,
 };
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ pub fn take(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(count) = count else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "take expected integer, got {count:#}")
 	};
-	let Ok(count) = count.try_into() else {
+	let Some(count) = count.to_usize() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 			"take expected nonnegative integer, got {count:#}"
@@ -215,10 +216,10 @@ pub fn skip(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(count) = count else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "count expected integer, got {count:#}")
 	};
-	let Ok(count) = count.try_into() else {
+	let Some(count) = count.to_usize() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-			"count expected nonnegative integer, got {count:#}"
+			"count expected small nonnegative integer, got {count:#}"
 		)
 	};
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
@@ -305,12 +306,12 @@ pub fn step(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(by) = by else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "step expected integer, got {by:#}")
 	};
-	if by <= 0 {
+	let Some(by) = by.to_usize() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-			"step expected positive integer, got {by:#}"
+			"step expected small positive integer, got {by:#}"
 		)
-	}
+	};
 
 	let state = RefCell::new(Step::First);
 	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| match state.take() {
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ pub fn step(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			Ok(Value::iter_pack(res))
 		}
 		Step::Going => {
-			for _ in 0..(by - 1) {
+			for _ in 1..by {
 				if vmcall!(vm; iter.clone())? == Value::Nil {
 					return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 				}
@@ -648,8 +649,10 @@ pub fn len(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::String(s) => return Ok((s.chars().count() as i64).into()),
 		Value::List(l) => return Ok((l.borrow().len() as i64).into()),
 		Value::Table(t) => return Ok((t.borrow().len() as i64).into()),
-		Value::Range(r) if r.ty != RangeType::Endless => {
+		Value::Range(ref r) => {
-			return Ok((r.len().unwrap() as i64).into())
+			if let Some(len) = r.len() {
+				return Ok(len.into())
+			}
 		}
 		_ => (),
 	}
@@ -692,7 +695,7 @@ pub fn sum(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
-	let mut result = Value::Int(0);
+	let mut result = Value::from(0);
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		result = (result + value)?;
 	}
@@ -704,7 +707,7 @@ pub fn prod(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
-	let mut result = Value::Int(1);
+	let mut result = Value::from(1);
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		result = (result * value)?;
 	}
@@ -757,6 +760,10 @@ pub fn nth(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "nth expected integer")
 	};
 
+	let Some(n) = n.to_usize() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "nth expected small positive integer")
+	};
+
 	for _ in 0..n {
 		if vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())?.is_none() {
 			return Ok(Value::Nil)
@@ -849,8 +856,8 @@ pub fn count(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	while let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		let hv = v.try_into()?;
 		map.entry(hv)
-			.and_modify(|v: &mut Value| *v = (v.clone() + Value::Int(1)).unwrap())
+			.and_modify(|v: &mut Value| *v = (v.clone() + Value::from(1)).unwrap())
-			.or_insert(Value::Int(1));
+			.or_insert(Value::from(1));
 	}
 
 	Ok(map.into())
@@ -862,7 +869,7 @@ pub fn mean(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
 	let mut sum = Value::Float(0.0);
-	let mut count = Value::Int(0);
+	let mut count = Value::from(0);
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		sum = (sum + value)?;
 		count = (count + Value::from(1))?;
@@ -876,11 +883,11 @@ fn variance_inner(vm: &mut Vm, iter: Value, pop: bool) -> Result<Value> {
 	let mut k = 1;
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		let old_m = m.clone();
-		m = (m.clone() + ((value.clone() - m.clone())? / Value::Int(k))?)?;
+		m = (m.clone() + ((value.clone() - m.clone())? / Value::from(k))?)?;
 		s = (s + ((value.clone() - m.clone())? * (value - old_m)?)?)?;
 		k += 1;
 	}
-	s / Value::Int(k - if pop { 1 } else { 2 })
+	s / Value::from(k - if pop { 1 } else { 2 })
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -898,9 +905,9 @@ pub fn stdev(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 
 	let v = variance_inner(vm, iter, false)?;
 	Ok(match v {
-		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float((n as f64).sqrt()),
+		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float(n.to_f64_uc().sqrt()),
 		Value::Float(f) => Value::Float(f.sqrt()),
-		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64().sqrt()),
+		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64_uc().sqrt()),
 		Value::Complex(c) => Value::Complex(c.sqrt()),
 		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "stdev: cannot square root {v:#}"),
 	})
@@ -921,9 +928,9 @@ pub fn pstdev(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 
 	let v = variance_inner(vm, iter, true)?;
 	Ok(match v {
-		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float((n as f64).sqrt()),
+		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float(n.to_f64_uc().sqrt()),
 		Value::Float(f) => Value::Float(f.sqrt()),
-		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64().sqrt()),
+		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64_uc().sqrt()),
 		Value::Complex(c) => Value::Complex(c.sqrt()),
 		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "stdev: cannot square root {v:#}"),
 	})
@@ -957,10 +964,10 @@ pub fn median(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		let (_, _, _) = hi.select_nth_unstable(0);
 		let m2 = vals.swap_remove(count / 2);
 		let m1 = vals.swap_remove(count / 2 - 1);
-		(m1.0 + m2.0)? / Value::Int(2)
+		(m1.0 + m2.0)? / Value::from(2)
 	} else {
 		let (_, _, _) = vals.select_nth_unstable(count / 2);
 		let m = vals.swap_remove(count / 2);
-		m.0 / Value::Int(1)
+		m.0 / Value::from(1)
 	}
 }

talc-std/src/lib.rs

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ pub mod collection;
 pub mod exception;
 pub mod file;
 pub mod format;
+pub mod ints;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod iter;
-pub mod num;
+pub mod math;
 pub mod string;
 pub mod value;
 
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ pub fn load_all(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	format::load(vm);
 	io::load(vm);
 	iter::load(vm);
-	num::load(vm);
+	math::load(vm);
+	ints::load(vm);
 	string::load(vm);
 	value::load(vm);
 

talc-std/src/math.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
-
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::Result,
-	parser::{parse_int, to_lstring_radix},
+	number::{Complex, Int, Ratio},
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
-	value::{ops::RatioExt, Complex64, Value},
+	value::Value,
 	vm::Vm,
-	vmcalliter,
 };
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ lazy_static! {
 #[inline]
 fn to_floaty(v: Value) -> Value {
 	match v {
-		Value::Int(v) => Value::Float(v as f64),
+		Value::Int(v) => Value::Float(v.to_f64_uc()),
-		Value::Ratio(v) => Value::Float(v.to_f64()),
+		Value::Ratio(v) => Value::Float(v.to_f64_uc()),
 		Value::Float(v) => Value::Float(v),
 		Value::Complex(v) => Value::Complex(v),
 		v => v,
@@ -36,8 +34,8 @@ fn to_floaty(v: Value) -> Value {
 #[inline]
 fn to_complex(v: Value) -> Value {
 	match v {
-		Value::Int(v) => Value::Complex((v as f64).into()),
+		Value::Int(v) => Value::Complex(v.to_f64_uc().into()),
-		Value::Ratio(v) => Value::Complex(v.to_f64().into()),
+		Value::Ratio(v) => Value::Complex(v.to_f64_uc().into()),
 		Value::Float(v) => Value::Complex(v.into()),
 		Value::Complex(v) => Value::Complex(v),
 		v => v,
@@ -57,8 +55,8 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 
 	vm.set_global_name("inf", (f64::INFINITY).into());
 	vm.set_global_name("NaN", (f64::NAN).into());
-	vm.set_global_name("infi", Complex64::new(0.0, f64::INFINITY).into());
+	vm.set_global_name("infi", Complex::new(0.0, f64::INFINITY).into());
-	vm.set_global_name("NaNi", Complex64::new(0.0, f64::NAN).into());
+	vm.set_global_name("NaNi", Complex::new(0.0, f64::NAN).into());
 
 	vm.set_global_name("bin", bin().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("sex", sex().into());
@@ -68,15 +66,6 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("to_radix_upper", to_radix_upper().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("from_radix", from_radix().into());
 
-	vm.set_global_name("gcd", gcd().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("gcdn", gcdn().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("lcm", lcm().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("lcmn", lcmn().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("isqrt", isqrt().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("isprime", isprime().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("factors", factors().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("totient", totient().into());
-
 	vm.set_global_name("min", min().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("max", max().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("floor", floor().into());
@@ -137,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn bin(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "bin expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 2, false).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(2, false)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -146,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn sex(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "sex expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 6, false).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(6, false)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -155,7 +144,7 @@ pub fn oct(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "oct expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 8, false).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(8, false)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -164,7 +153,7 @@ pub fn hex(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "hex expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 16, false).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(16, false)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -176,10 +165,13 @@ pub fn to_radix(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"to_radix expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
+	let Some(radix) = radix.to_u32() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "to_radix expected radix in range 0..=36")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "to_radix expected radix in range 2..=36")
+	};
+	if !(2..=36).contains(&radix) {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "to_radix expected radix in range 2..=36")
 	}
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(*x, *radix as u32, false).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(radix, false)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -191,13 +183,19 @@ pub fn to_radix_upper(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"to_radix_upper expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
+	let Some(radix) = radix.to_u32() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-			"to_radix_upper expected radix in range 0..=36"
+			"to_radix_upper expected radix in range 2..=36"
+		)
+	};
+	if !(2..=36).contains(&radix) {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"to_radix_upper expected radix in range 2..=36"
 		)
 	}
-	Ok(to_lstring_radix(*x, *radix as u32, true).into())
+	Ok(Value::from(x.to_str_radix_case(radix, true)))
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -209,285 +207,32 @@ pub fn from_radix(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"from_radix expected string and integer arguments, got {s:#} and {radix:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
+	let Some(radix) = radix.to_u32() else {
 		throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-			"from_radix expected radix in range 0..=36"
+			"from_radix expected radix in range 2..=36"
+		)
+	};
+	if !(2..=36).contains(&radix) {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"from_radix expected radix in range 2..=36"
 		)
 	}
-	match parse_int(s.as_ref(), *radix as u32) {
+	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "from_radix: string has invalid UTF-8",)
+	};
+	match Int::from_str_radix(s, radix) {
 		Ok(v) => Ok(v.into()),
 		Err(_) => throw!(
 			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-			"string was not a valid integer in given radix"
+			"from_radix: string {:#} is not a valid integer in radix {}",
+			s,
+			radix
 		),
 	}
 }
 
-//
-// integer operations
-//
-
-fn isqrt_inner(mut n: i64) -> i64 {
-	assert!(n >= 0, "isqrt input should be nonnegative");
-	if n < 2 {
-		return n
-	}
-
-	let mut c = 0;
-	let mut d = 1 << 62;
-
-	while d > n {
-		d >>= 2;
-	}
-
-	while d != 0 {
-		if n >= c + d {
-			n -= c + d;
-			c = (c >> 1) + d;
-		} else {
-			c >>= 1;
-		}
-		d >>= 2;
-	}
-	c
-}
-
-pub fn gcd_inner(a: i64, b: i64) -> i64 {
-	let (mut a, mut b) = (a.abs(), b.abs());
-	if a == 0 {
-		return b
-	}
-	if b == 0 {
-		return a
-	}
-
-	let az = a.trailing_zeros();
-	a >>= az;
-	let bz = b.trailing_zeros();
-	b >>= bz;
-	let z = az.min(bz);
-
-	loop {
-		if a > b {
-			std::mem::swap(&mut a, &mut b);
-		}
-		b -= a;
-		if b == 0 {
-			return a << z
-		}
-		b >>= b.trailing_zeros();
-	}
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn isqrt(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(
-			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"isqrt expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
-		)
-	};
-	if x < 0 {
-		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "isqrt: argument must be positive")
-	}
-	Ok(isqrt_inner(x).into())
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn isprime(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(
-			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"isprime expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
-		)
-	};
-	if x < 2 {
-		return Ok(false.into())
-	}
-	for p in [2, 3, 5, 7] {
-		if x % p == 0 {
-			return Ok((x == p).into())
-		}
-	}
-	if x < 11 {
-		return Ok(false.into())
-	}
-	let lim = isqrt_inner(x);
-	let mut i = 12;
-	while i <= lim + 1 {
-		if x % (i - 1) == 0 {
-			return Ok(false.into())
-		}
-		if x % (i + 1) == 0 {
-			return Ok(false.into())
-		}
-		i += 6;
-	}
-	Ok(true.into())
-}
-
-#[native_func(2)]
-pub fn gcd(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
-	};
-	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
-	};
-	Ok(gcd_inner(x, y).into())
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn gcdn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
-
-	let mut g = 0;
-
-	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
-		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcdn: cannot take gcd with {a:#}")
-		};
-		g = gcd_inner(g, a);
-	}
-
-	Ok(g.into())
-}
-
-#[native_func(2)]
-pub fn lcm(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
-	};
-	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
-	};
-	let g = gcd_inner(x, y);
-	if g == 0 {
-		Ok(Value::from(0))
-	} else {
-		(Value::from(x) / Value::from(g))? * Value::from(y)
-	}
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn lcmn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
-
-	let mut l = 1;
-
-	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
-		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcmn: cannot take lcm with {a:#}")
-		};
-		let g = gcd_inner(l, a);
-		if g == 0 {
-			return Ok(Value::from(0))
-		};
-		let new_l = (Value::from(l).int_div(Value::from(g))? * Value::from(a))?;
-		let Value::Int(new_l) = new_l else {
-			unreachable!("int//int * int != int")
-		};
-		l = new_l;
-	}
-
-	Ok(Value::from(l))
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn factors(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(mut x) = x else {
-		throw!(
-			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"factors expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
-		)
-	};
-	let mut factors = Vec::new();
-	if x <= 1 {
-		return Ok(factors.into())
-	}
-	while x & 1 == 0 {
-		x >>= 1;
-		factors.push(Value::Int(2));
-	}
-	while x % 3 == 0 {
-		x /= 3;
-		factors.push(Value::Int(3));
-	}
-	let mut i = 5;
-	while x >= i * i {
-		while x % i == 0 {
-			x /= i;
-			factors.push(Value::Int(i));
-		}
-		i += 2;
-		while x % i == 0 {
-			x /= i;
-			factors.push(Value::Int(i));
-		}
-		i += 4;
-	}
-	if x > 1 {
-		factors.push(Value::Int(x));
-	}
-	Ok(factors.into())
-}
-
-fn totient_prime(n: &mut u64, p: u64) -> u64 {
-	if *n % p != 0 {
-		return 1
-	}
-	*n /= p;
-	let mut v = p - 1;
-	while *n % p == 0 {
-		*n /= p;
-		v *= p;
-	}
-	v
-}
-
-#[native_func(1)]
-pub fn totient(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(
-			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"totient expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
-		)
-	};
-	if x <= 1 {
-		return Ok(1.into())
-	}
-	let mut x = x as u64;
-	let mut totient = 1;
-	if x & 1 == 0 {
-		x >>= 1;
-	}
-	while x & 1 == 0 {
-		x >>= 1;
-		totient <<= 1;
-	}
-	totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, 3);
-	let mut i = 5;
-	while x >= i * i {
-		totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, i);
-		i += 2;
-		totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, i);
-		i += 4;
-	}
-	if x > 1 {
-		totient *= x - 1;
-	}
-	Ok((totient as i64).into())
-}
-
 //
 //  numeric operations
 //
@@ -518,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn floor(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match x {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.floor())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.floor())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.floor().into())),
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "floor expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -529,7 +274,7 @@ pub fn ceil(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match x {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.ceil())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.ceil())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.ceil().into())),
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "ceil expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -540,7 +285,7 @@ pub fn round(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match x {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.round())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.round())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.round().into())),
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "round expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -551,7 +296,7 @@ pub fn trunc(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match x {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.trunc())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.trunc())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.trunc().into())),
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "trunc expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -560,9 +305,9 @@ pub fn trunc(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn fract(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match x {
-		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::Int(0)),
+		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::from(0)),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.fract())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.fract())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.fract().into())),
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "fract expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -572,12 +317,8 @@ pub fn sign(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match x {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x.signum())),
-		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(if x == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { x.signum() })),
+		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(if x == 0.0 { x } else { x.signum() })),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => match x.cmp(&0.into()) {
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.signum().into())),
-			Ordering::Greater => Ok(Value::Ratio(1.into())),
-			Ordering::Less => Ok(Value::Ratio((-1).into())),
-			Ordering::Equal => Ok(Value::Ratio(0.into())),
-		},
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "sign expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -666,7 +407,7 @@ pub fn float_to_bits(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"float_to_bits expected float argument, got {val:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	Ok(Value::Int(f.to_bits() as i64))
+	Ok(Value::Int(Int::from_u64(f.to_bits()).unwrap()))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -678,7 +419,13 @@ pub fn float_of_bits(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"float_of_bits expected integer argument, got {val:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	Ok(Value::Float(f64::from_bits(i as u64)))
+	let Some(v) = i.to_u64() else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"float_of_bits expected integer in 0..2^64, got {i}"
+		)
+	};
+	Ok(Value::Float(f64::from_bits(v)))
 }
 
 //
@@ -690,7 +437,7 @@ pub fn numer(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, v] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match v {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Int(*x.numer())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::from(Int::from(x.numer()))),
 		v => throw!(
 			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
 			"numer expected rational argument, got {v:#}"
@@ -702,8 +449,8 @@ pub fn numer(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn denom(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, v] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match v {
-		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::Int(1)),
+		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::from(1)),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Int(*x.denom())),
+		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::from(Int::from(x.denom()))),
 		v => throw!(
 			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
 			"denom expected rational argument, got {v:#}"
@@ -731,8 +478,8 @@ pub fn re(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn im(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, v] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match to_complex(v) {
-		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::Int(0)),
+		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::from(0)),
-		Value::Ratio(_) => Ok(Value::Ratio(0.into())),
+		Value::Ratio(_) => Ok(Value::Ratio(Ratio::zero().into())),
 		Value::Float(_) => Ok(Value::Float(0.0)),
 		Value::Complex(z) => Ok(Value::Float(z.im)),
 		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "im expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"),

talc-std/src/random.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+use num_bigint::RandBigInt;
 use rand::{seq::SliceRandom, Rng};
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::Result,
+	number::Int,
 	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
-	value::{range::RangeType, Value},
+	value::Value,
 	vm::Vm,
 	vmcalliter,
 };
@@ -46,14 +48,13 @@ pub fn rand_in(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			if r.is_empty() {
 				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty range")
 			}
-			match r.ty {
+			let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (&r.start, &r.end) else {
-				RangeType::Open => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: infinite range")
-					Ok(Value::Int(rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..r.stop)))
+			};
-				}
+			if r.inclusive {
-				RangeType::Closed => {
+				Ok(Int::from(rand::thread_rng().gen_bigint_range(s, &(e + 1))).into())
-					Ok(Value::Int(rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..=r.stop)))
+			} else {
-				}
+				Ok(Int::from(rand::thread_rng().gen_bigint_range(s, e)).into())
-				RangeType::Endless => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: endless range"),
 			}
 		}
 		col => {

talc-std/src/string.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::Result,
 	lstring::LString,
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
 	value::Value,
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn ord(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	if chars.next().is_some() {
 		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to ord must have length 1")
 	};
-	Ok(Value::Int(c as u32 as i64))
+	Ok(Value::from(c as u32 as i64))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn chr(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(i) = i else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "chr expected integer argument, got {i:#}")
 	};
-	let Ok(i) = u32::try_from(i) else {
+	let Some(i) = i.to_u32() else {
 		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to chr is not a valid codepoint")
 	};
 	let Some(c) = char::from_u32(i) else {
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn len_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			"len_bytes expected string argument, got {s:#}"
 		)
 	};
-	Ok(Value::Int(s.len() as i64))
+	Ok(Value::from(s.len() as i64))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -205,12 +206,20 @@ pub fn str_of_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let bytes: Vec<u8> = b
 		.borrow()
 		.iter()
-		.map(|v| match v {
+		.map(|v| {
-			Value::Int(i) if (0..=255).contains(i) => Ok(*i as u8),
+			let Value::Int(i) = v else {
-			_ => throw!(
+				throw!(
+					*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+					"str_of_bytes expected list of integers in 0..=255"
+				)
+			};
+			let Some(n) = i.to_u8() else {
+				throw!(
 					*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
 					"str_of_bytes expected list of integers in 0..=255"
-			),
+				)
+			};
+			Ok(n)
 		})
 		.collect::<Result<Vec<u8>>>()?;
 	Ok(LString::from(bytes).into())

talc-std/src/value.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
 use talc_lang::{
 	exception::{exception, Result},
 	lformat,
+	number::{Int, Ratio},
 	parser::{parse_float, parse_int},
+	prelude::*,
 	symbol::{symbol, Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
 	throw,
-	value::{ops::RatioExt, HashValue, Rational64, Value},
+	value::{HashValue, Value},
 	vm::Vm,
 };
 use talc_macros::native_func;
@@ -71,24 +73,22 @@ pub fn as_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		(v, b"string") => Ok(Value::String(lformat!("{v}").into())),
 		(v, b"bool") => Ok(Value::Bool(v.truthy())),
 
-		(Value::Symbol(s), b"int") => Ok(Value::Int(s.id() as i64)),
+		(Value::Symbol(s), b"int") => Ok(Value::from(s.id() as i64)),
 
-		(Value::Int(x), b"ratio") => Ok(Value::Ratio(x.into())),
+		(Value::Int(x), b"ratio") => Ok(Value::from(Ratio::from_integer(x.into()))),
-		(Value::Int(x), b"float") => Ok(Value::Float(x as f64)),
+		(Value::Int(x), b"float") => Ok(Value::Float(x.to_f64_uc())),
-		(Value::Int(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex((x as f64).into())),
+		(Value::Int(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.to_f64_uc().into())),
-		(Value::Ratio(x), b"int") => Ok(Value::Int(x.to_integer())),
+		(Value::Ratio(x), b"int") => Ok(Value::from(x.to_integer())),
-		(Value::Ratio(x), b"float") => Ok(Value::Float(x.to_f64())),
+		(Value::Ratio(x), b"float") => Ok(Value::Float(x.to_f64_uc())),
-		(Value::Ratio(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.to_f64().into())),
+		(Value::Ratio(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.to_f64_uc().into())),
-		(Value::Float(x), b"int") => Ok(Value::Int(x as i64)),
+		(Value::Float(x), b"int") => Ok(Value::from(Int::from_f64(x).unwrap_or_default())),
-		(Value::Float(x), b"ratio") => {
+		(Value::Float(x), b"ratio") => match Ratio::approximate_float(x) {
-			let r = Rational64::approximate_float(x).ok_or_else(|| {
+			Some(v) => Ok(Value::from(v)),
-				exception!(
+			None => throw!(
 				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
-					"float {x:?} could not be converted to ratio"
+				"float {x} could not be converted to ratio"
-				)
+			),
-			})?;
+		},
-			Ok(Value::Ratio(r))
-		}
 		(Value::Float(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.into())),
 
 		(Value::String(s), b"int") => parse_int(s.as_ref(), 10)