rustfmt fixes

examples/closures.talc

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env talc
+
+-- adapted from Crafting Interpreters 10.6
+
+make_counter = \-> do
+	var i = 0
+	\-> do
+		i += 1
+		println(i)
+	end
+end
+
+var counter1 = make_counter()
+counter1() -- 1
+counter1() -- 2
+counter1() -- 3
+counter1() -- 4
+var counter2 = make_counter()
+counter2() -- 1
+counter2() -- 2
+counter1() -- 5
+counter1() -- 6
+counter2() -- 3

examples/closures2.talc

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env talc
+
+var i = 0;
+
+var outer = \n -> do
+	var inner = \-> do
+		i = i + n
+	end
+end
+
+var by3 = outer(3)
+var by5 = outer(5)
+
+by3()
+println(i) -- 3
+by3()
+println(i) -- 6
+by5()
+println(i) -- 11
+by5()
+println(i) -- 16
+by3()
+println(i) -- 19

examples/totient.talc

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env talc
+
+totient = \n -> do
+	count(factors(n)) | pairs | map(\v -> do
+		v[0]^v[1] - v[0]^(v[1] - 1)
+	end) | prod
+end
+
+println(totient(6615)) -- 3024

format.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+cargo +nightly fmt

rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+unstable_features = true
+
+hard_tabs = true
+tab_spaces = 4
+max_width = 92
+
+trailing_semicolon = false
+trailing_comma = "Vertical"
+
+use_field_init_shorthand = true
+

talc-bin/Cargo.toml

@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ path = "src/main.rs"
 talc-lang = { path = "../talc-lang" }
 talc-std = { path = "../talc-std" }
 rustyline = "14.0"
-clap = { version = "4.5", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.5", features = ["std", "help", "usage", "derive", "error-context"], default-features = false }
 ctrlc = "3.4"

talc-bin/src/helper.rs

@@ -1,42 +1,25 @@
-use std::{borrow::Cow, cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 
-use rustyline::{completion::Completer, highlight::Highlighter, hint::Hinter, validate::{ValidationContext, ValidationResult, Validator}, Helper, Result};
-use talc_lang::{lstring::LStr, Lexer, Vm};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-enum TokenType {
-	String, Symbol, Number, Literal
-}
+use rustyline::{
+	completion::Completer,
+	highlight::Highlighter,
+	hint::Hinter,
+	validate::{ValidationContext, ValidationResult, Validator},
+	Helper, Result,
+};
+use talc_lang::{
+	lstring::LStr,
+	parser::{Lexer, Pos, Span, TokenKind},
+	Vm,
+};
 
 pub struct TalcHelper {
 	vm: Rc<RefCell<Vm>>,
-	lex: Lexer,
-	token_types: HashMap<usize, TokenType>,
-}
-
-macro_rules! load_tokens {
-	($token_types:expr, $lex:expr, {$($($tok:literal)|+ => $ty:expr,)*}) => {{
-		$($(
-			$token_types.insert($lex.lex($tok).next().unwrap().unwrap().1.0, $ty);
-		)*)*
-	}};
 }
 
 impl TalcHelper {
 	pub fn new(vm: Rc<RefCell<Vm>>) -> Self {
-		let lex = Lexer::new();
-		let mut token_types = HashMap::new();
-		load_tokens!(token_types, lex, {
-			"\"\"" | "''" => TokenType::String,
-			":a" | ":''" | ":\"\"" => TokenType::Symbol,
-			"0" | "0.0" | "0x0" | "0b0" | "0o0" | "0s0" => TokenType::Number,
-			"true" | "false" | "nil" => TokenType::Literal,
-		});
-		Self {
-			vm,
-			lex,
-			token_types,
-		}
+		Self { vm }
 	}
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +43,11 @@ impl Completer for TalcHelper {
 			}
 		}
 		let res: String = res.chars().rev().collect();
-		let mut keys = self.vm.borrow().globals().keys()
+		let mut keys = self
+			.vm
+			.borrow()
+			.globals()
+			.keys()
 			.map(|sym| sym.name())
 			.filter(|name| name.starts_with(LStr::from_str(&res)))
 			.map(LStr::to_string)
@@ -76,24 +63,33 @@ impl Hinter for TalcHelper {
 
 impl Highlighter for TalcHelper {
 	fn highlight<'l>(&self, line: &'l str, _pos: usize) -> Cow<'l, str> {
-		let mut tokens = self.lex.lex(line).peekable();
+		let mut lexer = Lexer::new(line);
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		let mut last = 0;
-		while let Some(Ok((l, tok, r))) = tokens.next() {
-			buf += &line[last..l];
-			last = r;
-			let tokty = self.token_types.get(&tok.0);
-			buf += match tokty {
-				Some(TokenType::Literal) => "\x1b[93m",
-				Some(TokenType::Number) => "\x1b[93m",
-				Some(TokenType::String) => "\x1b[92m",
-				Some(TokenType::Symbol) => "\x1b[96m",
-				None => "",
-			};
-			buf += tok.1;
-			if tokty.is_some() { buf += "\x1b[0m" }
+		let mut last = Pos::new();
+		while let Some(Ok(token)) = lexer.next() {
+			if token.kind == TokenKind::Eof {
+				break
 			}
-		buf += &line[last..];
+			buf += Span::new(last, token.span.start).of(line);
+			last = token.span.end;
+			let format = match token.kind {
+				TokenKind::Nil
+				| TokenKind::True
+				| TokenKind::False
+				| TokenKind::Integer
+				| TokenKind::Float
+				| TokenKind::Imaginary => "\x1b[93m",
+				TokenKind::String => "\x1b[92m",
+				TokenKind::Symbol => "\x1b[96m",
+				_ => "",
+			};
+			buf += format;
+			buf += token.content;
+			if !format.is_empty() {
+				buf += "\x1b[0m"
+			}
+		}
+		buf += &line[(last.idx as usize)..];
 		Cow::Owned(buf)
 	}
 
@@ -116,62 +112,92 @@ impl Highlighter for TalcHelper {
 
 impl Validator for TalcHelper {
 	fn validate(&self, ctx: &mut ValidationContext) -> Result<ValidationResult> {
-		let tokens = self.lex.lex(ctx.input());
+		use TokenKind as K;
+		let lexer = Lexer::new(ctx.input());
 		let mut delims = Vec::new();
 		let mut mismatch = None;
-		for token in tokens {
+		for token in lexer {
 			let token = match token {
 				Ok(t) => t,
-				Err(e) => return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(
-					Some(e.to_string()))),
+				Err(e) => return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(Some(format!("    {e}")))),
 			};
-			let t = token.1.1;
-			match t {
-				"(" | "{" | "[" | "if" | "while" | "for" | "try"
-					=> delims.push(token.1.1),
-				")" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("(") => (),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
-				},
-				"}" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("{") => (),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
-				},
-				"]" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("[") => (),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
-				},
-				"then" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("if") => delims.push(t),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
+			let k = token.kind;
+			let s = token.span;
+			match k {
+				K::Eof => break,
+				K::LParen | K::LBrack | K::LBrace | K::If | K::While | K::For | K::Try => {
+					delims.push(token.kind)
 				}
-				"catch" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("try") => delims.push(t),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
+				K::RParen => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::LParen) => (),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
 					}
-				"do" => match delims.last().copied() {
-					Some("while" | "for" | "catch") => {
+				},
+				K::RBrack => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::LBrack) => (),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
+				},
+				K::RBrace => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::LBrace) => (),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
+				},
+				K::Then => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::If | K::Elif) => delims.push(k),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
+				},
+				K::Catch => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::Try) => delims.push(k),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
+				},
+				K::Do => match delims.last().copied() {
+					Some(K::While | K::For | K::Catch) => {
 						delims.pop();
-						delims.push(t);
+						delims.push(k);
+					}
+					_ => delims.push(k),
 				},
-					_ => delims.push(t)
+				K::Elif | K::Else => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::Then) => delims.push(k),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
 				},
-				"elif" | "else" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("then") => delims.push(t),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
-				},
-				"end" => match delims.pop() {
-					Some("then" | "elif" | "else" | "do" | "try") => (),
-					v => { mismatch = Some((v, t)); break }
+				K::End => match delims.pop() {
+					Some(K::Then | K::Else | K::Do | K::Try | K::Catch) => (),
+					v => {
+						mismatch = Some((v, k, s));
+						break
+					}
 				},
 				_ => (),
 			}
 		}
 		match mismatch {
-			Some((None, b)) => return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(Some(
-					format!("    found unmatched {b}")))),
-			Some((Some(a), b)) => return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(Some(
-					format!("    found {a} matched with {b}")))),
+			Some((None, b, s)) => {
+				return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(Some(format!(
+					"    found unmatched {b} at {s}"
+				))))
+			}
+			Some((Some(a), b, s)) => {
+				return Ok(ValidationResult::Invalid(Some(format!(
+					"    found {a} matched with {b} at {s}"
+				))))
+			}
 			_ => (),
 		}
 
@@ -180,6 +206,5 @@ impl Validator for TalcHelper {
 		} else {
 			Ok(ValidationResult::Incomplete)
 		}
-
 	}
 }

talc-bin/src/main.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use clap::{ColorChoice, Parser};
-use talc_lang::{compiler::compile, value::function::disasm_recursive, Vm};
 use std::{path::PathBuf, process::ExitCode, rc::Rc};
+use talc_lang::{
+	compiler::compile, parser, symbol::Symbol, value::function::disasm_recursive, Vm,
+};
 
-mod repl;
 mod helper;
+mod repl;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 #[command(version, about, long_about = None)]
@@ -28,20 +30,19 @@ struct Args {
 	color: ColorChoice,
 }
 
-fn exec(src: &str, args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
-	let parser = talc_lang::Parser::new();
+fn exec(name: Symbol, src: &str, args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
 	let mut vm = Vm::new(256);
 	talc_std::load_all(&mut vm);
 
-	let ex = match parser.parse(src) {
+	let ex = match parser::parse(src) {
 		Ok(ex) => ex,
 		Err(e) => {
 			eprintln!("Error: {e}");
 			return ExitCode::FAILURE
-		},
+		}
 	};
 
-	let func = Rc::new(compile(&ex));
+	let func = Rc::new(compile(&ex, Some(name)));
 
 	if args.disasm {
 		if let Err(e) = disasm_recursive(&func, &mut std::io::stderr()) {
@@ -65,8 +66,10 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
 		return repl::repl(&args)
 	}
 
-	match std::fs::read_to_string(args.file.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-		Ok(s) => exec(&s, &args),
+	let file = args.file.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+	match std::fs::read_to_string(file) {
+		Ok(s) => exec(Symbol::get(file.as_os_str()), &s, &args),
 		Err(e) => {
 			eprintln!("Error: {e}");
 			ExitCode::FAILURE

talc-bin/src/repl.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 use std::{cell::RefCell, io::IsTerminal, process::ExitCode, rc::Rc};
 
 use clap::ColorChoice;
-use rustyline::{error::ReadlineError, history::{FileHistory, History}, ColorMode, Config, Editor};
-use talc_lang::{compiler::compile_repl, symbol::Symbol, value::{function::disasm_recursive, Value}, Vm};
+use rustyline::{
+	error::ReadlineError,
+	history::{FileHistory, History},
+	ColorMode, Config, Editor,
+};
+use talc_lang::{
+	compiler::compile_repl,
+	parser,
+	symbol::Symbol,
+	value::{function::disasm_recursive, Value},
+	Vm,
+};
 
 use crate::{helper::TalcHelper, Args};
 
@@ -30,7 +40,6 @@ impl ReplColors {
 	}
 }
 
-
 fn get_colmode(args: &Args) -> ColorMode {
 	match args.color {
 		ColorChoice::Auto => ColorMode::Enabled,
@@ -45,7 +54,8 @@ pub fn init_rustyline(args: &Args) -> Result<Editor<TalcHelper, FileHistory>, Ex
 		.color_mode(get_colmode(args))
 		.check_cursor_position(true)
 		.completion_type(rustyline::CompletionType::List)
-		.max_history_size(4096).unwrap()
+		.max_history_size(4096)
+		.unwrap()
 		.build();
 	let mut hist = FileHistory::default();
 	if let Some(f) = &args.histfile {
@@ -60,12 +70,12 @@ pub fn init_rustyline(args: &Args) -> Result<Editor<TalcHelper, FileHistory>, Ex
 		Err(ReadlineError::Io(e)) => {
 			eprintln!("Error creating repl: {e}");
 			Err(ExitCode::FAILURE)
-		},
+		}
 		Err(ReadlineError::Errno(e)) => {
 			eprintln!("Error creating repl: {e}");
 			Err(ExitCode::FAILURE)
-		},
-		Err(_) => Err(ExitCode::SUCCESS)
+		}
+		Err(_) => Err(ExitCode::SUCCESS),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +84,6 @@ pub fn repl(args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
 		eprintln!("input disassembly enabled");
 	}
 
-	let parser = talc_lang::Parser::new();
 	let mut compiler_globals = Vec::new();
 	let mut vm = Vm::new(256);
 	talc_std::load_all(&mut vm);
@@ -118,15 +127,15 @@ pub fn repl(args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
 			Err(e) => {
 				eprintln!("{}Error:{} {e}", c.error, c.reset);
 				continue
-			},
+			}
 		};
 
-		let ex = match parser.parse(&line) {
+		let ex = match parser::parse(&line) {
 			Ok(ex) => ex,
 			Err(e) => {
 				eprintln!("{}Error:{} {e}", c.error, c.reset);
 				continue
-			},
+			}
 		};
 
 		let (f, g) = compile_repl(&ex, &compiler_globals);
@@ -155,4 +164,3 @@ pub fn repl(args: &Args) -> ExitCode {
 		}
 	}
 }
-

talc-lang/Cargo.toml

@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
-lalrpop-util = { version = "0.20", features = ["lexer", "unicode"] }
 num-complex = "0.4"
 num-rational = { version = "0.4", default-features = false, features = [] }
 num-traits = "0.2"
 thiserror = "1.0"
-lazy_static = "1.4"
+lazy_static = "1.5"
 unicode-ident = "1.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-lalrpop = { version = "0.20", default_features = false, features = ["lexer", "unicode"]}

talc-lang/build.rs

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-	lalrpop::process_root()
-}

talc-lang/src/ast.rs

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{lstring::LStr, symbol::Symbol, value::Value};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub enum BinaryOp {
-	Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Pow, IntDiv,
-	Shr, Shl, BitAnd, BitXor, BitOr,
-	Eq, Ne, Gt, Lt, Ge, Le,
-	Concat, Append,
-	Range, RangeIncl,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub enum UnaryOp {
-	Neg, Not, RangeEndless,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum Expr<'s> {
-	Literal(Value),
-	Ident(&'s LStr),
-
-	UnaryOp(UnaryOp, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	BinaryOp(BinaryOp, Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-
-	Assign(Option<BinaryOp>, Box<LValue<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	AssignVar(&'s LStr, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	AssignGlobal(&'s LStr, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-
-	Index(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	FnCall(Box<Expr<'s>>, Vec<Expr<'s>>),
-	AssocFnCall(Box<Expr<'s>>, Symbol, Vec<Expr<'s>>),
-	Pipe(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-
-	Block(Vec<Expr<'s>>),
-	List(Vec<Expr<'s>>),
-	Table(Vec<(Expr<'s>, Expr<'s>)>),
-
-	Return(Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	And(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	Or(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	If(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>, Option<Box<Expr<'s>>>),
-	While(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	For(&'s LStr, Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	Lambda(Vec<&'s LStr>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-	Try(Box<Expr<'s>>, Vec<CatchBlock<'s>>),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CatchBlock<'s> {
-	pub name: Option<&'s LStr>,
-	pub types: Option<Vec<Symbol>>,
-	pub body: Expr<'s>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum LValue<'s> {
-	Ident(&'s LStr),
-	Index(Box<Expr<'s>>, Box<Expr<'s>>),
-}

talc-lang/src/chunk.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{value::Value, ast::{UnaryOp, BinaryOp}, symbol::Symbol};
+use crate::{
+	parser::ast::{BinaryOp, UnaryOp},
+	symbol::Symbol,
+	value::Value,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Arg24([u8; 3]);
@@ -13,14 +17,20 @@ impl Arg24 {
 
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn from_i32(n: i32) -> Self {
-		assert!((-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(&n), "value out of range for argument");
+		assert!(
+			(-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(&n),
+			"value out of range for argument"
+		);
 		// can't panic: size of slice guaranteed
 		Self(n.to_le_bytes()[0..3].try_into().unwrap())
 	}
 
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn from_i64(n: i64) -> Self {
-		assert!((-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(&n), "value out of range for argument");
+		assert!(
+			(-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(&n),
+			"value out of range for argument"
+		);
 		// can't panic: size of slice guaranteed
 		Self(n.to_le_bytes()[0..3].try_into().unwrap())
 	}
@@ -64,7 +74,9 @@ impl From<Arg24> for i32 {
 	fn from(v: Arg24) -> Self {
 		let mut n = u32::from(v);
 		// sign-extend
-		if n & 0x00_800000 != 0 { n |= 0xff_000000; }
+		if n & 0x00_800000 != 0 {
+			n |= 0xff_000000;
+		}
 		n as i32
 	}
 }
@@ -88,38 +100,55 @@ impl TryFrom<Arg24> for Symbol {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
 pub enum Instruction {
 	#[default]
-	Nop,
+	Nop, // do nothing
 
-	LoadLocal(Arg24),
-	StoreLocal(Arg24),
-	NewLocal,
-	DropLocal(Arg24),
+	LoadLocal(Arg24),  // push nth local onto stack
+	StoreLocal(Arg24), // pop stack into nth local
+	NewLocal,          // pop stack into a new local
+	DropLocal(Arg24),  // remove last n locals
 
-	LoadGlobal(Arg24), StoreGlobal(Arg24),
+	LoadGlobal(Arg24),  // load global by id
+	StoreGlobal(Arg24), // store global by id
 
-	Const(Arg24),
-	Int(Arg24),
-	Symbol(Arg24),
-	Bool(bool),
-	Nil,
+	CloseOver(Arg24),   // load nth local and convert to cell, write back a copy
+	Closure(Arg24),     // load constant function and fill state from stack
+	LoadUpvalue(Arg24), // load
+	StoreUpvalue(Arg24), // store a cell from closure state to new local
+	ContinueUpvalue(Arg24), //
+	LoadClosedLocal(Arg24), // load through cell in nth local
+	StoreClosedLocal(Arg24), // store through cell in nth local
 
-	Dup, DupTwo, Drop(Arg24), Swap,
+	Const(Arg24),  // push nth constant
+	Int(Arg24),    // push integer
+	Symbol(Arg24), // push symbol
+	Bool(bool),    // push boolean
+	Nil,           // push nil
+
+	Dup,
+	DupTwo,
+	Drop(Arg24),
+	Swap,
 
 	UnaryOp(UnaryOp),
 	BinaryOp(BinaryOp),
 
-	NewList(u8), GrowList(u8),
-	NewTable(u8), GrowTable(u8),
+	NewList(u8),
+	GrowList(u8),
+	NewTable(u8),
+	GrowTable(u8),
 
-	Index, StoreIndex,
+	Index,
+	StoreIndex,
 
 	Jump(Arg24),
 	JumpTrue(Arg24),
 	JumpFalse(Arg24),
 
-	IterBegin, IterTest(Arg24),
+	IterBegin,
+	IterTest(Arg24),
 
-	BeginTry(Arg24), EndTry,
+	BeginTry(Arg24),
+	EndTry,
 
 	Call(u8),
 	Return,
@@ -133,14 +162,30 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Instruction {
 			Self::StoreLocal(a) => write!(f, "store {}", usize::from(a)),
 			Self::NewLocal => write!(f, "newlocal"),
 			Self::DropLocal(n) => write!(f, "discardlocal {}", usize::from(n)),
-			Self::LoadGlobal(s) => write!(f, "loadglobal {}",
-					Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()),
-			Self::StoreGlobal(s) => write!(f, "storeglobal {}",
-					Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()),
+			Self::LoadGlobal(s) => write!(
+				f,
+				"loadglobal {}",
+				Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()
+			),
+			Self::StoreGlobal(s) => write!(
+				f,
+				"storeglobal {}",
+				Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()
+			),
+			Self::CloseOver(n) => write!(f, "closeover {}", usize::from(n)),
+			Self::Closure(c) => write!(f, "closure {}", usize::from(c)),
+			Self::LoadUpvalue(n) => write!(f, "load_upval {}", usize::from(n)),
+			Self::StoreUpvalue(n) => write!(f, "store_upval {}", usize::from(n)),
+			Self::ContinueUpvalue(n) => write!(f, "cont_upval {}", usize::from(n)),
+			Self::LoadClosedLocal(n) => write!(f, "load_closed {}", usize::from(n)),
+			Self::StoreClosedLocal(n) => write!(f, "store_closed {}", usize::from(n)),
 			Self::Const(c) => write!(f, "const {}", usize::from(c)),
 			Self::Int(i) => write!(f, "int {}", i64::from(i)),
-			Self::Symbol(s) => write!(f, "symbol {}",
-					Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()),
+			Self::Symbol(s) => write!(
+				f,
+				"symbol {}",
+				Symbol::try_from(s).expect("symbol does not exist").name()
+			),
 			Self::Bool(b) => write!(f, "bool {b}"),
 			Self::Nil => write!(f, "nil"),
 			Self::Dup => write!(f, "dup"),
@@ -193,19 +238,28 @@ impl Chunk {
 	}
 
 	pub fn add_const(&mut self, v: Value) -> usize {
-		assert!(self.consts.len() < 0xff_ffff, "too many constants in a chunk");
+		assert!(
+			self.consts.len() < 0xff_ffff,
+			"too many constants in a chunk"
+		);
 		self.consts.push(v);
 		self.consts.len() - 1
 	}
 
 	pub fn add_instr(&mut self, i: Instruction) -> usize {
-		assert!(self.instrs.len() < 0xff_ffff, "too many instructions in a chunk");
+		assert!(
+			self.instrs.len() < 0xff_ffff,
+			"too many instructions in a chunk"
+		);
 		self.instrs.push(i);
 		self.instrs.len() - 1
 	}
 
 	pub fn begin_try_table(&mut self, local_count: usize) -> (usize, TryTable) {
-		assert!(self.try_tables.len() < 0xff_ffff, "too many catch tables in a chunk");
+		assert!(
+			self.try_tables.len() < 0xff_ffff,
+			"too many catch tables in a chunk"
+		);
 		let table = TryTable {
 			catches: Vec::new(),
 			local_count,
@@ -218,5 +272,3 @@ impl Chunk {
 		self.try_tables[idx] = table;
 	}
 }
-
-

talc-lang/src/compiler.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,36 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::ast::{BinaryOp, Expr, LValue, CatchBlock};
-use crate::chunk::{Instruction as I, Chunk, Arg24, Catch};
-use crate::lstr;
-use crate::lstring::LStr;
-use crate::symbol::Symbol;
+use crate::chunk::{Arg24, Catch, Chunk, Instruction as I};
+use crate::parser::ast::{BinaryOp, CatchBlock, Expr, ExprKind, LValue, LValueKind};
+use crate::symbol::{Symbol, SYM_SELF};
 use crate::value::function::{FuncAttrs, Function};
 use crate::value::Value;
 
+enum ResolveOutcome {
+	Var(VarKind),
+	InParent,
+	None,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum VarKind {
+	Local(usize),
+	Closed(usize),
+	Global,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Local {
-	name: Rc<LStr>,
-	scope: usize,
+pub struct Var {
+	name: Symbol,
+	kind: VarKind,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum CompilerMode {
-	Function, Repl, Module,
+	Function,
+	Repl,
+	Module,
 }
 
 struct Compiler<'a> {
@@ -24,18 +38,19 @@ struct Compiler<'a> {
 	parent: Option<&'a Compiler<'a>>,
 	chunk: Chunk,
 	attrs: FuncAttrs,
-	scope: usize,
-	locals: Vec<Local>,
-	globals: Vec<Local>,
+	scope: HashMap<Symbol, Var>,
+	shadowed: Vec<(Symbol, Option<Var>)>,
+	closes: BTreeMap<Symbol, usize>,
+	local_count: usize,
 }
 
-pub fn compile(expr: &Expr) -> Function  {
-	let mut comp = Compiler::new_module(None);
+pub fn compile(expr: &Expr, name: Option<Symbol>) -> Function {
+	let mut comp = Compiler::new_module(name, None);
 	comp.expr(expr);
 	comp.finish()
 }
 
-pub fn compile_repl(expr: &Expr, globals: &[Local]) -> (Function, Vec<Local>)  {
+pub fn compile_repl(expr: &Expr, globals: &[Symbol]) -> (Function, Vec<Symbol>) {
 	let mut comp = Compiler::new_repl(globals);
 	comp.expr(expr);
 	comp.finish_repl()
@@ -43,52 +58,66 @@ pub fn compile_repl(expr: &Expr, globals: &[Local]) -> (Function, Vec<Local>)  {
 
 impl<'a> Default for Compiler<'a> {
 	fn default() -> Self {
-		let locals = vec![Local {
-			name: lstr!("self").into(),
-			scope: 0,
-		}];
+		let mut scope = HashMap::new();
+		scope.insert(
+			*SYM_SELF,
+			Var {
+				name: *SYM_SELF,
+				kind: VarKind::Local(0),
+			},
+		);
 		Self {
 			mode: CompilerMode::Function,
 			parent: None,
 			chunk: Chunk::new(),
-			attrs: FuncAttrs { arity: 0, variadic: false },
-			scope: 0,
-			locals,
-			globals: Vec::new(),
+			attrs: FuncAttrs::default(),
+			scope,
+			shadowed: Vec::new(),
+			local_count: 1,
+			closes: BTreeMap::new(),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
-	fn new_repl(globals: &[Local]) -> Self {
-		Self {
+	fn new_repl(globals: &[Symbol]) -> Self {
+		let mut new = Self {
 			mode: CompilerMode::Repl,
-			globals: globals.to_vec(),
+			attrs: FuncAttrs {
+				arity: 0,
+				name: Some(Symbol::get("<repl>")),
+			},
 			..Self::default()
+		};
+
+		for g in globals {
+			new.declare_global(*g);
 		}
+		new
 	}
 
-	fn new_module(parent: Option<&'a Self>) -> Self {
+	fn new_module(name: Option<Symbol>, parent: Option<&'a Self>) -> Self {
 		Self {
 			mode: CompilerMode::Module,
+			attrs: FuncAttrs { arity: 0, name },
 			parent,
 			..Self::default()
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn new_function(&'a self, args: &[&LStr]) -> Self {
+	fn new_function(&'a self, name: Option<Symbol>, args: &[Symbol]) -> Self {
 		let mut new = Self {
 			mode: CompilerMode::Function,
+			attrs: FuncAttrs {
+				arity: args.len(),
+				name,
+			},
 			parent: Some(self),
 			..Self::default()
 		};
-		new.attrs.arity = args.len();
 
 		for arg in args {
-			new.locals.push(Local {
-				name: (*arg).into(),
-				scope: 0,
-			});
+			new.declare_local(*arg);
 		}
 
 		new
@@ -96,14 +125,27 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 
 	pub fn finish(mut self) -> Function {
 		self.emit(I::Return);
-		Function { chunk: Rc::new(self.chunk), attrs: self.attrs }
+		Function::new(Rc::new(self.chunk), self.attrs, self.closes.len())
 	}
 
-	pub fn finish_repl(mut self) -> (Function, Vec<Local>) {
+	pub fn finish_inner(mut self) -> (Function, BTreeMap<Symbol, usize>) {
+		self.emit(I::Return);
+		// TODO closure
+		(
+			Function::new(Rc::new(self.chunk), self.attrs, self.closes.len()),
+			self.closes,
+		)
+	}
+
+	pub fn finish_repl(mut self) -> (Function, Vec<Symbol>) {
 		self.emit(I::Return);
 		(
-			Function { chunk: Rc::new(self.chunk), attrs: self.attrs },
-			self.globals
+			// TODO closure
+			Function::new(Rc::new(self.chunk), self.attrs, self.closes.len()),
+			self.scope
+				.into_iter()
+				.filter_map(|(_, v)| (v.kind == VarKind::Global).then_some(v.name))
+				.collect(),
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -126,36 +168,44 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 			// dup followed by store: remove the dup
 			if instrs.len() >= 2
 				&& matches!(instrs.get(instrs.len() - 2), Some(I::Dup))
-				&& matches!(instrs.last(), Some(
-					I::NewLocal | I::StoreLocal(_) | I::StoreGlobal(_)
-				))
-			{
+				&& matches!(
+					instrs.last(),
+					Some(
+						I::NewLocal
+							| I::StoreLocal(_) | I::StoreGlobal(_)
+							| I::StoreClosedLocal(_)
+							| I::StoreUpvalue(_)
+					)
+				) {
 				// can't panic: checked that instrs.len() >= 2
 				let i = self.chunk.instrs.pop().unwrap();
 				self.chunk.instrs.pop().unwrap();
 				self.chunk.instrs.push(i);
 				n -= 1;
-				continue;
+				continue
 			}
 
 			// final side-effectless instruction
 			let poppable = matches!(
 				instrs.last(),
 				Some(
-					I::Dup | I::Const(_) | I::Int(_)
-					| I::Nil | I::Bool(_) | I::Symbol(_)
-					| I::LoadLocal(_)
+					I::Dup
+						| I::Const(_) | I::Int(_)
+						| I::Nil | I::Bool(_)
+						| I::Symbol(_) | I::LoadLocal(_)
+						| I::LoadClosedLocal(_)
+						| I::LoadUpvalue(_)
 				)
 			);
 			if poppable {
 				// can't panic: checked that instrs.last() was Some
 				instrs.pop().unwrap();
 				n -= 1;
-				continue;
+				continue
 			}
 
 			// no more optimizations possible
-			break;
+			break
 		}
 		if n > 0 {
 			self.emit(I::Drop(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
@@ -170,164 +220,181 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 		self.chunk.instrs[n] = new;
 	}
 
-	fn begin_scope(&mut self) {
-		self.scope += 1;
+	#[must_use]
+	fn begin_scope(&mut self) -> usize {
+		self.shadowed.len()
 	}
 
-	fn end_scope(&mut self) {
-		self.scope -= 1;
+	fn end_scope(&mut self, scope: usize) {
+		let mut locals = 0;
+		while self.shadowed.len() > scope {
+			let (name, var) = self.shadowed.pop().expect("scope bad");
 
-		// no need to clean up at bottom scope
-		if self.scope == 0 { return; }
-
-		for i in (0..self.globals.len()).rev() {
-			if self.globals[i].scope <= self.scope {
-				break;
+			if let Some(var) = var {
+				if var.kind != VarKind::Global {
+					locals += 1;
 				}
-			self.globals.pop();
-		}
-
-		let mut count = 0;
-		for i in (0..self.locals.len()).rev() {
-			if self.locals[i].scope <= self.scope {
-				break;
-			}
-			self.locals.pop();
-			count += 1;
-		}
-
-		if count > 0 && self.scope > 0 {
-			self.emit(I::DropLocal(Arg24::from_usize(count)));
+				self.scope.insert(name, var);
+			} else {
+				self.scope.remove(&name);
 			}
 		}
 
+		if locals > 0 {
+			self.emit(I::DropLocal(Arg24::from_usize(locals)));
+			self.local_count -= locals;
+		}
+	}
 
 	//
 	//  variables
 	//
 
-	fn resolve_local(&mut self, name: &LStr) -> Option<usize> {
-		self.locals.iter().rev()
-			.position(|v| v.name.as_ref() == name)
-			.map(|x| self.locals.len() - x - 1)
+	fn resolve_name(&self, name: Symbol) -> ResolveOutcome {
+		if let Some(v) = self.scope.get(&name) {
+			return ResolveOutcome::Var(v.kind)
+		}
+		let Some(parent) = self.parent else {
+			return ResolveOutcome::None
+		};
+		if let ResolveOutcome::None = parent.resolve_name(name) {
+			return ResolveOutcome::None
+		}
+		ResolveOutcome::InParent
 	}
 
-	fn resolve_global(&mut self, name: &LStr) -> Option<usize> {
-		self.globals.iter().rev()
-			.position(|v| v.name.as_ref() == name)
-			.map(|x| self.globals.len() - x - 1)
-	}
-
-
-	fn load_var(&mut self, name: &LStr) {
-		match (self.resolve_local(name), self.resolve_global(name)) {
-			(Some(n), None) => {
+	fn load_var(&mut self, name: Symbol) {
+		match self.resolve_name(name) {
+			ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Local(n)) => {
 				self.emit(I::LoadLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
-			},
-			(Some(n), Some(m)) if n >= m => {
-				self.emit(I::LoadLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
-			},
-			_ => {
-				let sym = Symbol::get(name);
-				self.emit(I::LoadGlobal(Arg24::from_symbol(sym)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Closed(n)) => {
+				self.emit(I::LoadClosedLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::InParent => {
+				let n = match self.closes.get(&name) {
+					Some(n) => *n,
+					None => {
+						let n = self.closes.len();
+						self.closes.insert(name, n);
+						n
+					}
+				};
+				self.emit(I::LoadUpvalue(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::None | ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Global) => {
+				self.emit(I::LoadGlobal(Arg24::from_symbol(name)));
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn declare_local(&mut self, name: &LStr) -> usize {
-		if let Some(i) = self.resolve_local(name) {
-			if self.locals[i].scope == self.scope {
-				self.emit(I::StoreLocal(Arg24::from_usize(i)));
-				return i;
-			}
+	fn declare_local(&mut self, name: Symbol) -> usize {
+		let local = Var {
+			name,
+			kind: VarKind::Local(self.local_count),
+		};
+		self.local_count += 1;
+		let shadowed = self.scope.insert(name, local);
+		self.shadowed.push((name, shadowed));
+		self.local_count - 1
 	}
 
-		self.locals.push(Local {
-			name: name.into(),
-			scope: self.scope,
-		});
-
-		let i = self.locals.len() - 1;
+	fn assign_local(&mut self, name: Symbol) -> usize {
+		let n = self.declare_local(name);
 		self.emit(I::NewLocal);
-		i
+		n
 	}
 
-	fn store_local(&mut self, i: usize) {
-		self.emit(I::StoreLocal(Arg24::from_usize(i)));
+	fn assign_global(&mut self, name: Symbol) {
+		self.declare_global(name);
+		self.store_var(name);
 	}
 
-	fn store_global(&mut self, name: &LStr) {
-		let sym = Symbol::get(name);
-		self.emit(I::StoreGlobal(Arg24::from_symbol(sym)));
-		if let Some(i) = self.resolve_global(name) {
-			if self.globals[i].scope == self.scope {
-				return
-			}
-		}
-		self.globals.push(Local {
-			name: name.into(),
-			scope: self.scope,
-		});
+	fn declare_global(&mut self, name: Symbol) {
+		let global = Var {
+			name,
+			kind: VarKind::Global,
+		};
+		let shadowed = self.scope.insert(name, global);
+		self.shadowed.push((name, shadowed));
 	}
 
-	fn store_default(&mut self, name: &LStr) {
-		match (self.resolve_local(name), self.resolve_global(name)) {
-			(Some(n), None) => self.store_local(n),
-			(Some(n), Some(m)) if n >= m => self.store_local(n),
-			(_, Some(_)) => self.store_global(name),
-			(None, None) => {
-				if self.mode == CompilerMode::Repl && self.scope == 1 {
-					self.store_global(name);
-				} else {
-					self.declare_local(name);
+	fn store_var(&mut self, name: Symbol) {
+		match self.resolve_name(name) {
+			ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Local(n)) => {
+				self.emit(I::StoreLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Closed(n)) => {
+				self.emit(I::StoreClosedLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::InParent => {
+				let n = match self.closes.get(&name) {
+					Some(n) => *n,
+					None => {
+						let n = self.closes.len();
+						self.closes.insert(name, n);
+						n
+					}
+				};
+				self.emit(I::StoreUpvalue(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Global) => {
+				self.emit(I::StoreGlobal(Arg24::from_symbol(name)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::None if self.mode == CompilerMode::Repl => {
+				self.emit(I::StoreGlobal(Arg24::from_symbol(name)));
+			}
+			ResolveOutcome::None => {
+				self.assign_local(name);
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	}
-
 
 	//
 	//  Expressions
 	//
 
 	fn expr(&mut self, e: &Expr) {
-		match e {
-			Expr::Block(xs) if xs.is_empty() => { self.emit(I::Nil); },
-			Expr::Block(xs) => {
-				self.begin_scope();
+		let Expr { kind, .. } = e;
+		match kind {
+			ExprKind::Block(xs) if xs.is_empty() => {
+				self.emit(I::Nil);
+			}
+			ExprKind::Block(xs) => {
+				let scope = self.begin_scope();
 				for x in &xs[0..xs.len() - 1] {
 					self.expr(x);
 					self.emit_discard(1);
 				}
 				self.expr(&xs[xs.len() - 1]);
-				self.end_scope();
-			},
-			Expr::Literal(v) => self.expr_literal(v),
-			Expr::Ident(ident) => self.load_var(ident),
-			Expr::UnaryOp(o, a) => {
+				self.end_scope(scope);
+			}
+			ExprKind::Literal(v) => self.expr_literal(v),
+			ExprKind::Ident(ident) => self.load_var(*ident),
+			ExprKind::UnaryOp(o, a) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::UnaryOp(*o));
-			},
-			Expr::BinaryOp(o, a, b) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::BinaryOp(o, a, b) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.expr(b);
 				self.emit(I::BinaryOp(*o));
-			},
-			Expr::Assign(o, lv, a) => self.expr_assign(*o, lv, a),
-			Expr::AssignVar(name, a) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Assign(o, lv, a) => self.expr_assign(*o, lv, a),
+			ExprKind::AssignVar(name, a) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
-				self.declare_local(name);
-			},
-			Expr::AssignGlobal(name, a) => {
+				self.assign_local(*name);
+			}
+			ExprKind::AssignGlobal(name, a) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
-				self.store_global(name);
-			},
-			Expr::List(xs) if xs.is_empty() => {
+				self.assign_global(*name);
+			}
+			ExprKind::List(xs) if xs.is_empty() => {
 				self.emit(I::NewList(0));
-			},
-			Expr::List(xs) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::List(xs) => {
 				let mut first = true;
 				for chunk in xs.chunks(16) {
 					for e in chunk {
@@ -340,11 +407,11 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 						self.emit(I::GrowList(chunk.len() as u8));
 					}
 				}
-			},
-			Expr::Table(xs) if xs.is_empty() => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Table(xs) if xs.is_empty() => {
 				self.emit(I::NewTable(0));
-			},
-			Expr::Table(xs) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Table(xs) => {
 				let mut first = true;
 				for chunk in xs.chunks(8) {
 					for (k, v) in chunk {
@@ -358,20 +425,20 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 						self.emit(I::GrowTable(chunk.len() as u8));
 					}
 				}
-			},
-			Expr::Index(ct, idx) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Index(ct, idx) => {
 				self.expr(ct);
 				self.expr(idx);
 				self.emit(I::Index);
-			},
-			Expr::FnCall(f, args) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::FnCall(f, args) => {
 				self.expr(f);
 				for a in args {
 					self.expr(a);
 				}
 				self.emit(I::Call(args.len() as u8));
-			},
-			Expr::AssocFnCall(o, f, args) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::AssocFnCall(o, f, args) => {
 				self.expr(o);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
 				self.emit(I::Symbol(Arg24::from_symbol(*f)));
@@ -381,35 +448,36 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 					self.expr(a);
 				}
 				self.emit(I::Call((args.len() + 1) as u8));
-			},
-			Expr::Return(e) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Return(e) => {
 				self.expr(e);
 				self.emit(I::Return);
-			},
-			Expr::Pipe(a, f) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Pipe(a, f) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.expr(f);
 				self.emit(I::Swap);
 				self.emit(I::Call(1));
-			},
-			Expr::Lambda(args, body) => self.expr_lambda(args, body),
-			Expr::And(a, b) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Lambda(args, body) => self.expr_fndef(None, args, body),
+			ExprKind::FnDef(name, args, body) => self.expr_fndef(*name, args, body),
+			ExprKind::And(a, b) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
 				let j1 = self.emit(I::JumpFalse(Arg24::from_usize(0)));
 				self.emit_discard(1);
 				self.expr(b);
 				self.update_instr(j1, I::JumpFalse(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip())));
-			},
-			Expr::Or(a, b) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::Or(a, b) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
 				let j1 = self.emit(I::JumpTrue(Arg24::from_usize(0)));
 				self.emit_discard(1);
 				self.expr(b);
 				self.update_instr(j1, I::JumpTrue(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip())));
-			},
-			Expr::If(cond, b1, b2) => {
+			}
+			ExprKind::If(cond, b1, b2) => {
 				self.expr(cond);
 				let j1 = self.emit(I::JumpFalse(Arg24::from_usize(0)));
 				self.expr(b1);
@@ -420,11 +488,9 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 				} else {
 					self.emit(I::Nil);
 				}
-				self.update_instr(j2,
-					I::Jump(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip()))
-				);
-			},
-			Expr::While(cond, body) => {
+				self.update_instr(j2, I::Jump(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip())));
+			}
+			ExprKind::While(cond, body) => {
 				let start = self.ip();
 				self.expr(cond);
 
@@ -435,14 +501,14 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 				self.update_instr(j1, I::JumpFalse(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip())));
 
 				self.emit(I::Nil);
-			},
-			Expr::For(name, iter, body) => self.expr_for(name, iter, body),
-			Expr::Try(body, catches) => self.expr_try(body, catches),
+			}
+			ExprKind::For(name, iter, body) => self.expr_for(*name, iter, body),
+			ExprKind::Try(body, catches) => self.expr_try(body, catches),
 		}
 	}
 
 	fn expr_try(&mut self, body: &Expr, catch_blocks: &[CatchBlock]) {
-		let (idx, mut table) = self.chunk.begin_try_table(self.locals.len());
+		let (idx, mut table) = self.chunk.begin_try_table(self.local_count);
 
 		self.emit(I::BeginTry(Arg24::from_usize(idx)));
 		self.expr(body);
@@ -456,16 +522,16 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 				types: catch_block.types.clone(),
 			});
 
-			self.begin_scope();
+			let scope = self.begin_scope();
 
 			if let Some(name) = catch_block.name {
-				self.declare_local(name);
+				self.assign_local(name);
 			} else {
 				self.emit_discard(1);
 			}
 
 			self.expr(&catch_block.body);
-			self.end_scope();
+			self.end_scope(scope);
 
 			let end_addr = self.emit(I::Jump(Arg24::from_usize(0)));
 			catch_end_addrs.push(end_addr);
@@ -480,15 +546,15 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 		self.chunk.finish_catch_table(idx, table);
 	}
 
-	fn expr_for(&mut self, name: &LStr, iter: &Expr, body: &Expr) {
+	fn expr_for(&mut self, name: Symbol, iter: &Expr, body: &Expr) {
 		// load iterable and convert to iterator
 		self.expr(iter);
 		self.emit(I::IterBegin);
 
 		// declare loop variable
-		self.begin_scope();
+		let scope = self.begin_scope();
 		self.emit(I::Nil);
-		let local = self.declare_local(name);
+		self.assign_local(name);
 
 		// begin loop
 		let start = self.ip();
@@ -497,7 +563,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 		self.emit(I::Dup);
 		self.emit(I::Call(0));
 		let j1 = self.emit(I::IterTest(Arg24::from_usize(0)));
-		self.store_local(local);
+		self.store_var(name);
 
 		// body
 		self.expr(body);
@@ -507,57 +573,96 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 		self.emit(I::Jump(Arg24::from_usize(start)));
 
 		self.update_instr(j1, I::IterTest(Arg24::from_usize(self.ip())));
-		self.end_scope();
+		self.end_scope(scope);
 		self.emit(I::Nil);
 	}
 
-	fn expr_lambda(&mut self, args: &[&LStr], body: &Expr) {
-		let mut inner = self.new_function(args);
+	fn expr_fndef(&mut self, name: Option<Symbol>, args: &[Symbol], body: &Expr) {
+		let mut inner = self.new_function(name, args);
 		inner.parent = Some(self);
 		inner.expr(body);
-		let func = inner.finish();
-		let n = self.add_const(func.into());
-		self.emit(I::Const(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+
+		let (func, closes) = inner.finish_inner();
+		let func_const = self.add_const(func.into());
+
+		let num_closed = closes.len();
+
+		for (name, _) in closes {
+			match self.resolve_name(name) {
+				ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Local(n)) => {
+					self.emit(I::CloseOver(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+					self.scope.entry(name).and_modify(|v| {
+						v.kind = VarKind::Closed(n);
+					});
+				}
+				ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Closed(n)) => {
+					self.emit(I::LoadLocal(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+				}
+				ResolveOutcome::InParent => {
+					let n = self.closes.len();
+					self.closes.insert(name, n);
+					self.emit(I::ContinueUpvalue(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
+				}
+				ResolveOutcome::None | ResolveOutcome::Var(VarKind::Global) => {
+					panic!("upvalue resolved to none or global")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if num_closed == 0 {
+			self.emit(I::Const(Arg24::from_usize(func_const)));
+		} else {
+			self.emit(I::Closure(Arg24::from_usize(func_const)));
+		}
+
+		if let Some(name) = name {
+			self.emit(I::Dup);
+			self.store_var(name);
+		}
 	}
 
 	fn expr_literal(&mut self, val: &Value) {
 		match val {
-			Value::Nil
-				=> { self.emit(I::Nil); },
-			Value::Bool(b)
-				=> { self.emit(I::Bool(*b)); },
-			Value::Int(i) if (-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(i)
-				=> { self.emit(I::Int(Arg24::from_i64(*i))); },
-			Value::Symbol(s)
-				=> { self.emit(I::Symbol(Arg24::from_symbol(*s))); },
+			Value::Nil => {
+				self.emit(I::Nil);
+			}
+			Value::Bool(b) => {
+				self.emit(I::Bool(*b));
+			}
+			Value::Int(i) if (-0x80_0000..=0x7f_ffff).contains(i) => {
+				self.emit(I::Int(Arg24::from_i64(*i)));
+			}
+			Value::Symbol(s) => {
+				self.emit(I::Symbol(Arg24::from_symbol(*s)));
+			}
 			_ => {
 				let n = self.add_const(val.clone());
 				self.emit(I::Const(Arg24::from_usize(n)));
-			},
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	fn expr_assign(&mut self, o: Option<BinaryOp>, lv: &LValue, a: &Expr) {
-		match (lv, o) {
-			(LValue::Ident(i), None) => {
+		match (&lv.kind, o) {
+			(LValueKind::Ident(i), None) => {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
-				self.store_default(i);
-			},
-			(LValue::Ident(i), Some(o)) => {
-				self.load_var(i);
+				self.store_var(*i);
+			}
+			(LValueKind::Ident(i), Some(o)) => {
+				self.load_var(*i);
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::BinaryOp(o));
 				self.emit(I::Dup);
-				self.store_default(i);
-			},
-			(LValue::Index(ct, i), None) => {
+				self.store_var(*i);
+			}
+			(LValueKind::Index(ct, i), None) => {
 				self.expr(ct);
 				self.expr(i);
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::StoreIndex);
-			},
-			(LValue::Index(ct, i), Some(o)) => {
+			}
+			(LValueKind::Index(ct, i), Some(o)) => {
 				self.expr(ct);
 				self.expr(i);
 				self.emit(I::DupTwo);
@@ -565,8 +670,7 @@ impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
 				self.expr(a);
 				self.emit(I::BinaryOp(o));
 				self.emit(I::StoreIndex);
-			},
 			}
 		}
-
+	}
 }

talc-lang/src/exception.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-use std::{rc::Rc, collections::HashMap, cell::RefCell, fmt::Display};
-use crate::{lstring::LStr, symbol::{Symbol, SYM_DATA, SYM_MSG, SYM_TYPE}, value::{HashValue, Value}};
+use crate::{
+	lstring::LStr,
+	symbol::{Symbol, SYM_DATA, SYM_MSG, SYM_TYPE},
+	value::{HashValue, Value},
+};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fmt::Display, rc::Rc};
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Exception>;
 
@@ -12,19 +16,35 @@ pub struct Exception {
 
 impl Exception {
 	pub fn new(ty: Symbol) -> Self {
-		Self { ty, msg: None, data: None }
+		Self {
+			ty,
+			msg: None,
+			data: None,
+		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn new_with_msg(ty: Symbol, msg: Rc<LStr>) -> Self {
-		Self { ty, msg: Some(msg), data: None }
+		Self {
+			ty,
+			msg: Some(msg),
+			data: None,
+		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn new_with_data(ty: Symbol, data: Value) -> Self {
-		Self { ty, msg: None, data: Some(data) }
+		Self {
+			ty,
+			msg: None,
+			data: Some(data),
+		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn new_with_msg_data(ty: Symbol, msg: Rc<LStr>, data: Value) -> Self {
-		Self { ty, msg: Some(msg), data: Some(data) }
+		Self {
+			ty,
+			msg: Some(msg),
+			data: Some(data),
+		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn from_table(table: &Rc<RefCell<HashMap<HashValue, Value>>>) -> Option<Self> {
@@ -76,11 +96,11 @@ impl Display for Exception {
 
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! exception {
-	($exc_ty:expr, $fstr:literal, $($arg:expr),*) => {
+	($exc_ty:expr, $($t:tt)*) => {
 		$crate::exception::Exception::new_with_msg(
 			$exc_ty,
 			$crate::lstring::LString::from(
-				format!($fstr, $($arg),*)
+				format!($($t)*)
 			).into()
 		)
 	};
@@ -102,6 +122,3 @@ macro_rules! throw {
 }
 
 pub use throw;
-
-
-

talc-lang/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,14 @@
+#![allow(clippy::mutable_key_type)]
+#![warn(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned)]
+#![warn(clippy::allow_attributes)]
 
-#[rustfmt::skip]
-#[allow(clippy::extra_unused_lifetimes)]
-#[allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
-#[allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
-#[allow(clippy::just_underscores_and_digits)]
-#[allow(clippy::pedantic)]
-mod parser {
-	pub use __intern_token::new_builder as new_builder;
-	include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"),"/parser.rs"));
-}
-mod parser_util;
-mod vm;
-pub mod symbol;
-
-pub mod ast;
-pub mod value;
-pub mod exception;
 pub mod chunk;
 pub mod compiler;
+pub mod exception;
 pub mod lstring;
+pub mod parser;
+pub mod symbol;
+pub mod value;
 
-pub use parser::BlockParser as Parser;
+mod vm;
 pub use vm::Vm;
-
-pub use parser_util::{parse_int, parse_float, parse_str_escapes};
-
-type LexResult<'input> = Result<
-	(usize, Token<'input>, usize),
-	ParseError<usize, Token<'input>, parser_util::ParseError>
->;
-
-use lalrpop_util::{ParseError, lexer::{Token, MatcherBuilder}};
-
-pub struct Lexer {
-	builder: MatcherBuilder,
-}
-
-impl Default for Lexer {
-	fn default() -> Self { Self::new() }
-}
-
-impl Lexer {
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
-		Self { builder: crate::parser::new_builder() }
-	}
-	pub fn lex<'s>(&'s self, input: &'s str) -> impl Iterator<Item=LexResult<'s>> {
-		self.builder.matcher::<parser_util::ParseError>(input)
-	}
-}

talc-lang/src/lstring.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-use std::{borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut, Cow}, ffi::OsStr, fmt::{self, Write}, io, iter::{Copied, FusedIterator}, ops::{Add, AddAssign, Deref, DerefMut, Index, IndexMut}, rc::Rc, slice, str::Utf8Error, string::FromUtf8Error};
+use std::{
+	borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut, Cow},
+	ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+	fmt::{self, Write},
+	io,
+	iter::{Copied, FusedIterator},
+	ops::{Add, AddAssign, Deref, DerefMut, Index, IndexMut},
+	rc::Rc,
+	slice,
+	str::Utf8Error,
+	string::FromUtf8Error,
+};
 
 use unicode_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
 
@@ -28,7 +39,9 @@ fn is_continue(b: u8) -> bool {
 #[inline]
 fn calc_continue(mut ch: u32, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<char> {
 	for b in bytes {
-		if !is_continue(*b) { return None }
+		if !is_continue(*b) {
+			return None
+		}
 		ch = (ch << 6) | (b & 0x3f) as u32;
 	}
 	char::from_u32(ch)
@@ -40,23 +53,29 @@ fn next_codepoint(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 	match init {
 		0..=0x7f => return Some((&bytes[1..], Ok(init as char))),
 		0xc0..=0xdf => 'case: {
-			if bytes.len() < 2 { break 'case }
+			if bytes.len() < 2 {
+				break 'case
+			}
 			let Some(ch) = calc_continue(init as u32 & 0x1f, &bytes[1..2]) else {
-				break 'case;
+				break 'case
 			};
 			return Some((&bytes[2..], Ok(ch)))
-		},
+		}
 		0xe0..=0xef => 'case: {
-			if bytes.len() < 3 { break 'case }
+			if bytes.len() < 3 {
+				break 'case
+			}
 			let Some(ch) = calc_continue(init as u32 & 0x0f, &bytes[1..3]) else {
-				break 'case;
+				break 'case
 			};
 			return Some((&bytes[3..], Ok(ch)))
-		},
+		}
 		0xf0..=0xf7 => 'case: {
-			if bytes.len() < 4 { break 'case }
+			if bytes.len() < 4 {
+				break 'case
+			}
 			let Some(ch) = calc_continue(init as u32 & 0x07, &bytes[1..4]) else {
-				break 'case;
+				break 'case
 			};
 			return Some((&bytes[4..], Ok(ch)))
 		}
@@ -69,7 +88,9 @@ fn next_codepoint(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 #[inline]
 fn next_codepoint_back(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 	let len = bytes.len();
-	if len < 1 { return None }
+	if len < 1 {
+		return None
+	}
 
 	let last = bytes[len - 1];
 	if (0..=0x7f).contains(&last) {
@@ -77,9 +98,13 @@ fn next_codepoint_back(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 	}
 
 	'case: {
-		if !is_continue(last) { break 'case }
+		if !is_continue(last) {
+			break 'case
+		}
 
-		if len < 2 { break 'case }
+		if len < 2 {
+			break 'case
+		}
 		let b1 = bytes[len - 2];
 		if 0xe0 & b1 == 0xc0 {
 			if let Some(ch) = calc_continue(b1 as u32 & 0x1f, &[last]) {
@@ -89,7 +114,9 @@ fn next_codepoint_back(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 			break 'case
 		}
 
-		if len < 3 { break 'case }
+		if len < 3 {
+			break 'case
+		}
 		let b2 = bytes[len - 3];
 		if 0xf0 & b2 == 0xe0 {
 			if let Some(ch) = calc_continue(b2 as u32 & 0x0f, &[b1, last]) {
@@ -99,7 +126,9 @@ fn next_codepoint_back(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], Result<char, u8>)> {
 			break 'case
 		}
 
-		if len < 4 { break 'case }
+		if len < 4 {
+			break 'case
+		}
 		let b3 = bytes[len - 4];
 		if 0xf8 & b3 == 0xf0 {
 			if let Some(ch) = calc_continue(b3 as u32 & 0x07, &[b2, b1, last]) {
@@ -230,32 +259,69 @@ impl BorrowMut<LStr> for LString {
 
 impl From<LString> for Vec<u8> {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: LString) -> Self { value.inner }
+	fn from(value: LString) -> Self {
+		value.inner
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<Vec<u8>> for LString {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: Vec<u8>) -> Self { Self { inner: value } }
+	fn from(value: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+		Self { inner: value }
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<String> for LString {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: String) -> Self { Self { inner: value.into_bytes() } }
+	fn from(value: String) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			inner: value.into_bytes(),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<OsString> for LString {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: OsString) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			inner: value.into_encoded_bytes(),
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<&LStr> for LString {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &LStr) -> Self { value.to_owned() }
+	fn from(value: &LStr) -> Self {
+		value.to_owned()
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<&str> for LString {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &str) -> Self { value.to_owned().into() }
+	fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
+		value.to_owned().into()
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<&[u8]> for LString {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &[u8]) -> Self { value.to_owned().into() }
+	fn from(value: &[u8]) -> Self {
+		value.to_owned().into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<&[u8; N]> for LString {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: &[u8; N]) -> Self {
+		value.as_slice().into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<[u8; N]> for LString {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: [u8; N]) -> Self {
+		value.as_slice().into()
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<Cow<'_, LStr>> for LString {
@@ -263,7 +329,7 @@ impl From<Cow<'_, LStr>> for LString {
 	fn from(value: Cow<'_, LStr>) -> Self {
 		match value {
 			Cow::Borrowed(b) => b.to_owned(),
-			Cow::Owned(o) => o
+			Cow::Owned(o) => o,
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -282,9 +348,18 @@ impl From<Cow<'_, [u8]>> for LString {
 	}
 }
 
+impl<const N: usize> From<Cow<'_, [u8; N]>> for LString {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: Cow<'_, [u8; N]>) -> Self {
+		value.into_owned().into()
+	}
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<&'a LStr> for &'a [u8] {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &'a LStr) -> Self { &value.inner }
+	fn from(value: &'a LStr) -> Self {
+		&value.inner
+	}
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for &'a LStr {
@@ -294,6 +369,13 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for &'a LStr {
 	}
 }
 
+impl<'a, const N: usize> From<&'a [u8; N]> for &'a LStr {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: &'a [u8; N]) -> Self {
+		LStr::from_bytes(value.as_slice())
+	}
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<&'a str> for &'a LStr {
 	#[inline]
 	fn from(value: &'a str) -> Self {
@@ -301,9 +383,18 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a str> for &'a LStr {
 	}
 }
 
+impl<'a> From<&'a OsStr> for &'a LStr {
+	#[inline]
+	fn from(value: &'a OsStr) -> Self {
+		LStr::from_os_str(value)
+	}
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<&'a mut LStr> for &'a mut [u8] {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &'a mut LStr) -> Self { &mut value.inner }
+	fn from(value: &'a mut LStr) -> Self {
+		&mut value.inner
+	}
 }
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8]> for &'a mut LStr {
@@ -315,7 +406,9 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8]> for &'a mut LStr {
 
 impl<'a> From<&'a LString> for &'a LStr {
 	#[inline]
-	fn from(value: &'a LString) -> Self { value }
+	fn from(value: &'a LString) -> Self {
+		value
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<&LStr> for Rc<LStr> {
@@ -432,7 +525,9 @@ impl io::Write for LString {
 		Ok(buf.len())
 	}
 
-	fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }
+	fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+		Ok(())
+	}
 }
 
 //impl fmt::Write for LString {
@@ -511,15 +606,25 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Bytes<'a> {
 	type Item = u8;
 
 	#[inline]
-	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.0.next() }
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.0.next()
+	}
 	#[inline]
-	fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { self.0.size_hint() }
+	fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+		self.0.size_hint()
+	}
 	#[inline]
-	fn count(self) -> usize { self.0.count() }
+	fn count(self) -> usize {
+		self.0.count()
+	}
 	#[inline]
-	fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.0.last() }
+	fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.0.last()
+	}
 	#[inline]
-	fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.0.nth(n) }
+	fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		self.0.nth(n)
+	}
 	#[inline]
 	fn all<F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool {
 		self.0.all(f)
@@ -540,7 +645,9 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Bytes<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> ExactSizeIterator for Bytes<'a> {
 	#[inline]
-	fn len(&self) -> usize { self.0.len() }
+	fn len(&self) -> usize {
+		self.0.len()
+	}
 }
 
 impl<'a> FusedIterator for Bytes<'a> {}
@@ -573,6 +680,42 @@ impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for LosslessChars<'a> {
 	}
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct LosslessCharsIndices<'a>(&'a [u8], usize);
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for LosslessCharsIndices<'a> {
+	type Item = (usize, Result<char, u8>);
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		let (new_bytes, res) = next_codepoint(self.0)?;
+		let index = self.1;
+		self.0 = new_bytes;
+		match res {
+			Ok(c) => self.1 += c.len_utf8(),
+			Err(_) => self.1 += 1,
+		}
+		Some((index, res))
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+		let len = self.0.len();
+		((len + 3) / 4, Some(len))
+	}
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for LosslessCharsIndices<'a> {
+	fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		let (new_bytes, res) = next_codepoint_back(self.0)?;
+		self.0 = new_bytes;
+		match res {
+			Ok(c) => self.1 -= c.len_utf8(),
+			Err(_) => self.1 -= 1,
+		}
+		Some((self.1, res))
+	}
+}
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Chars<'a>(LosslessChars<'a>);
@@ -605,6 +748,36 @@ impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for Chars<'a> {
 	}
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CharsIndices<'a>(LosslessCharsIndices<'a>);
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for CharsIndices<'a> {
+	type Item = (usize, char);
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		loop {
+			if let (index, Ok(c)) = self.0.next()? {
+				return Some((index, c))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+		self.0.size_hint()
+	}
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for CharsIndices<'a> {
+	fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		loop {
+			if let (index, Ok(c)) = self.0.next_back()? {
+				return Some((index, c))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
 
 impl LStr {
 	#[inline]
@@ -612,6 +785,11 @@ impl LStr {
 		Self::from_bytes(string.as_bytes())
 	}
 
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn from_os_str(os_string: &OsStr) -> &Self {
+		Self::from_bytes(os_string.as_encoded_bytes())
+	}
+
 	#[inline]
 	pub const fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self {
 		unsafe { &*(bytes as *const [u8] as *const LStr) }
@@ -623,19 +801,35 @@ impl LStr {
 	}
 
 	#[inline]
-	pub const fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] { &self.inner }
+	pub const fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+		&self.inner
+	}
 
 	#[inline]
-	pub fn as_bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] { &mut self.inner }
+	pub fn as_bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+		&mut self.inner
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn byte_at(&self, n: usize) -> u8 {
+		self.inner[n]
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	pub fn byte_get(&self, n: usize) -> Option<u8> {
+		self.inner.get(n).copied()
+	}
 
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn bytes(&self) -> Bytes {
 		Bytes(self.as_bytes().iter().copied())
 	}
+
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn chars(&self) -> Chars {
 		Chars(self.chars_lossless())
 	}
+
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn chars_lossless(&self) -> LosslessChars {
 		LosslessChars(self.as_bytes())
@@ -671,11 +865,13 @@ impl LStr {
 
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn to_os_str(&self) -> Cow<OsStr> {
-		#[cfg(unix)] {
+		#[cfg(unix)]
+		{
 			use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 			Cow::Borrowed(OsStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()))
 		}
-		#[cfg(not(unix))] {
+		#[cfg(not(unix))]
+		{
 			Cow::Owned(self.to_string().into())
 		}
 	}
@@ -746,10 +942,21 @@ impl LStr {
 		self.as_bytes().ends_with(s.as_bytes())
 	}
 
+	pub fn strip_prefix(&self, prefix: &LStr) -> Option<&LStr> {
+		self.as_bytes()
+			.strip_prefix(prefix.as_bytes())
+			.map(LStr::from_bytes)
+	}
+
+	pub fn strip_suffix(&self, suffix: &LStr) -> Option<&LStr> {
+		self.as_bytes()
+			.strip_suffix(suffix.as_bytes())
+			.map(LStr::from_bytes)
+	}
+
 	pub fn is_identifier(&self) -> bool {
 		let mut chars = self.chars_lossless();
-		let first = chars.next()
-			.is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ok_and(is_xid_start));
+		let first = chars.next().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ok_and(is_xid_start));
 		if !first {
 			return false
 		}
@@ -775,11 +982,15 @@ impl AddAssign<&LStr> for LString {
 }
 
 impl Default for &LStr {
-	fn default() -> Self { [].as_ref().into() }
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		[].as_ref().into()
+	}
 }
 
 impl Default for &mut LStr {
-	fn default() -> Self { [].as_mut().into() }
+	fn default() -> Self {
+		[].as_mut().into()
+	}
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_index {
@@ -821,4 +1032,3 @@ impl_index!(std::ops::RangeInclusive<usize>);
 impl_index!(std::ops::RangeTo<usize>);
 impl_index!(std::ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>);
 impl_index!((std::ops::Bound<usize>, std::ops::Bound<usize>));
-

talc-lang/src/parser.lalrpop

@@ -1,442 +0,0 @@
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use crate::ast::*;
-use crate::value::Value;
-use crate::symbol::Symbol;
-use crate::parser_util::*;
-use crate::lstring::LStr;
-use crate::lstr;
-use num_complex::Complex64;
-
-grammar;
-
-extern {
-	type Error = ParseError;
-
-}
-
-match {
-	// line separator (use \ to escape newlines)
-	r";|\n" => LineSeparator,
-
-	// whitespace
-	r"[ \t\r]*" => {},
-	r"\\\r?\n" => {},
-	r"--[^\n]*" => {},
-
-	// kw literals
-	"true",
-	"false",
-	"nil",
-	// kw variables
-	"global",
-	"var",
-	// kw logic
-	"and",
-	"or",
-	"not",
-	// kw control flow
-	"begin",
-	"end",
-	"if",
-	"then",
-	"elif",
-	"else",
-	"while",
-	"for",
-	"do",
-	"in",
-	"continue",
-	"break",
-	"try",
-	"catch",
-	"return",
-} else {
-	// identifiers
-	r"[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*" => TokIdentifier,
-
-	// literals
-	r"0x[0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f_]*" => TokHexInteger,
-	r"[0-9][0-9_]*" => TokDecInteger,
-	r"0o[0-7][0-7]*" => TokOctInteger,
-	r"0s[0-5][0-5]*" => TokSexInteger,
-	r"0b[01][01_]*" => TokBinInteger,
-
-	r"[0-9][0-9_]*([eE][-+]?[0-9_]*[0-9][0-9_]*i?|i)|([0-9][0-9_]*)?\.[0-9_]+([eE]_*[-+]?[0-9_]*[0-9][0-9_]*)?i?" => TokFloat,
-
-	r#""([^\\"]|\\.)*""# => TokStringDouble,
-	r#"'[^']*'"# => TokStringSingle,
-
-	r#":[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*"# => TokSymbolNone,
-	r#":'[^']*'"# => TokSymbolSingle,
-	r#":"([^\\"]|\\.)*""# => TokSymbolDouble,
-} else {
-	// everything else
-	_
-}
-
-pub Block: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	LineSeparator* <xs:(<Expr> LineSeparator+)*> <x:Expr> LineSeparator* => {
-		let v = xs.into_iter().chain(std::iter::once(x)).map(|x| *x).collect();
-		return Box::new(Expr::Block(v));
-	},
-	LineSeparator* => Box::new(Expr::Block(Vec::new())),
-}
-
-
-Expr: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"return" <e:Expr> => Box::new(Expr::Return(e)),
-	Assign,
-}
-
-//
-//  assignment
-//
-
-
-Assign: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:LValue> <o:AssignOp> <r:Assign> => Box::new(Expr::Assign(o, l, r)),
-	"var" <i:Identifier> "=" <r:Assign> => Box::new(Expr::AssignVar(i, r)),
-	"global" <i:Identifier> "=" <r:Assign> => Box::new(Expr::AssignGlobal(i, r)),
-	Or,
-}
-
-LValue: Box<LValue<'input>> = {
-	<Identifier> => Box::new(LValue::Ident(<>)),
-	<l:BinaryIndex> "!" <r:CallOrAccess> => Box::new(LValue::Index(l, r)),
-	<l:CallOrAccess> "." <r:Identifier> => Box::new(LValue::Index(l, Box::new(Expr::Literal(Value::Symbol(Symbol::get(r)))))),
-}
-
-AssignOp: Option<BinaryOp> = {
-	"=" => None,
-	"+="  => Some(BinaryOp::Add),
-	"-="  => Some(BinaryOp::Sub),
-	"*="  => Some(BinaryOp::Mul),
-	"/="  => Some(BinaryOp::Div),
-	"%="  => Some(BinaryOp::Mod),
-	"^="  => Some(BinaryOp::Pow),
-	"++=" => Some(BinaryOp::Concat),
-	"&="  => Some(BinaryOp::Append),
-}
-
-//
-//  logical ops
-//
-
-// or
-Or: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:Or> "or" <r:And> => Box::new(Expr::Or(l, r)),
-	And,
-}
-
-// and
-And: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:And> "and" <r:UnaryNot> => Box::new(Expr::And(l, r)),
-	UnaryNot,
-}
-
-// not
-UnaryNot: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"not" <r:Pipe> => Box::new(Expr::UnaryOp(UnaryOp::Not, r)),
-	Pipe,
-}
-
-//
-//  pipe
-//
-
-Pipe: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:Pipe> "|" <r:Lambda> => Box::new(Expr::Pipe(l, r)),
-	Lambda,
-}
-
-//
-//  lambda
-//
-
-Lambda: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"\\" <xs:IdentList> "->" <e:BinaryCompare> => Box::new(Expr::Lambda(xs, e)),
-	":" <e:BinaryCompare> => Box::new(Expr::Lambda(vec![lstr!("$")], e)),
-	"::" <e:BinaryCompare> => Box::new(Expr::Lambda(vec![lstr!("$"), lstr!("$$")], e)),
-	BinaryCompare,
-}
-
-//
-//  operations
-//
-
-// == != > < >= <=
-BinaryCompare: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryConcat> <o:CompareOp> <r:BinaryConcat> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(o, l, r)),
-	BinaryConcat,
-}
-
-CompareOp: BinaryOp = {
-	"==" => BinaryOp::Eq,
-	"!=" => BinaryOp::Ne,
-	">"  => BinaryOp::Gt,
-	"<"  => BinaryOp::Lt,
-	">=" => BinaryOp::Ge,
-	"<=" => BinaryOp::Le,
-}
-
-
-// concat (++)
-BinaryConcat: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryConcat> "++" <r:BinaryAppend> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::Concat, l, r)),
-	BinaryAppend,
-}
-
-// append ( & )
-BinaryAppend: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryAppend> "&" <r:BinaryRange> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::Append, l, r)),
-	BinaryRange,
-}
-
-
-
-// .. ..= ..*
-BinaryRange: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryBitOr> <o:RangeOp> <r:BinaryBitOr> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(o, l, r)),
-	<l:BinaryBitOr> "..*" => Box::new(Expr::UnaryOp(UnaryOp::RangeEndless, l)),
-	BinaryBitOr,
-}
-
-RangeOp: BinaryOp = {
-	".."  => BinaryOp::Range,
-	"..=" => BinaryOp::RangeIncl,
-}
-// #|
-BinaryBitOr: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryBitOr> "#|" <r:BinaryBitXor> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::BitOr, l, r)),
-	BinaryBitXor,
-}
-
-// #^
-BinaryBitXor: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryBitXor> "#^" <r:BinaryBitAnd> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::BitXor, l, r)),
-	BinaryBitAnd,
-}
-
-// #&
-BinaryBitAnd: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryBitAnd> "#&" <r:BinaryShift> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::BitAnd, l, r)),
-	BinaryShift,
-}
-
-// >> <<
-BinaryShift: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryShift> <o:ShiftOp> <r:BinaryAdd> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(o, l, r)),
-	BinaryAdd,
-}
-
-ShiftOp: BinaryOp = {
-	">>" => BinaryOp::Shr,
-	"<<" => BinaryOp::Shl,
-}
-
-// + -
-BinaryAdd: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryAdd> <o:AddOp> <r:BinaryMul> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(o, l, r)),
-	BinaryMul,
-}
-
-AddOp: BinaryOp = {
-	"+" => BinaryOp::Add,
-	"-" => BinaryOp::Sub,
-}
-
-
-//  * / %
-BinaryMul: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryMul> <o:MulOp> <r:UnaryMinus> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(o, l, r)),
-	UnaryMinus,
-}
-
-MulOp: BinaryOp = {
-	"*" => BinaryOp::Mul,
-	"/" => BinaryOp::Div,
-	"//" => BinaryOp::IntDiv,
-	"%" => BinaryOp::Mod,
-}
-
-
-// unary-
-UnaryMinus: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"-" <r:BinaryPow> => Box::new(Expr::UnaryOp(UnaryOp::Neg, r)),
-	BinaryPow,
-}
-
-
-// power ( ^ )
-BinaryPow: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryIndex> "^" <r:UnaryMinus> => Box::new(Expr::BinaryOp(BinaryOp::Pow, l, r)),
-	BinaryIndex,
-}
-
-
-// index ( ! )
-BinaryIndex: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:BinaryIndex> "!" <r:UnaryMinus2> => Box::new(Expr::Index(l, r)),
-	CallOrAccess,
-}
-
-// unary-
-UnaryMinus2: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"-" <r:UnaryMinus2> => Box::new(Expr::UnaryOp(UnaryOp::Neg, r)),
-	CallOrAccess,
-}
-
-
-//
-//  things
-//
-
-// function call
-CallOrAccess: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<l:CallOrAccess> "(" <args:ExprList> ")" => Box::new(Expr::FnCall(l, args)),
-	<l:CallOrAccess> "->" <r:Identifier> "(" <args:ExprList> ")" => Box::new(Expr::AssocFnCall(l, Symbol::get(r), args)),
-	<l:CallOrAccess> "." <r:Identifier> => Box::new(Expr::Index(l, Box::new(Expr::Literal(Value::Symbol(Symbol::get(r)))))),
-	Term,
-}
-
-//
-//  base
-//
-
-
-Term: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	Identifier => Box::new(Expr::Ident(<>)),
-	TermNotIdent,
-}
-
-TermNotIdent: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	"(" <Expr> ")" => <>,
-	"[" <ExprList> "]" => Box::new(Expr::List(<>)),
-	"{" <TableItems> "}" => Box::new(Expr::Table(<>)),
-	"$" => Box::new(Expr::Ident(lstr!("$"))),
-	"$$" => Box::new(Expr::Ident(lstr!("$$"))),
-
-	"do" <Block> "end" => <>,
-	"if" <IfStmtChain> => <>,
-	"while" <a:Expr> "do" <b:Block> "end"
-		=> Box::new(Expr::While(a, b)),
-	"for" <v:Identifier> "in" <a:Expr> "do" <b:Block> "end"
-		=> Box::new(Expr::For(v, a, b)),
-	"try" <b:Block> <mut ch:CatchChain> => {
-		ch.reverse();
-		Box::new(Expr::Try(b, ch))
-	},
-
-	Literal => Box::new(Expr::Literal(<>)),
-}
-
-IfStmtChain: Box<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<a:Expr> "then" <b:Block> "end" => Box::new(Expr::If(a, b, None)),
-	<a:Expr> "then" <b:Block> "else" <c:Block> "end" => Box::new(Expr::If(a, b, Some(c))),
-	<a:Expr> "then" <b:Block> "elif" <c:IfStmtChain> => Box::new(Expr::If(a, b, Some(c))),
-}
-
-CatchChain: Vec<CatchBlock<'input>> = {
-	"catch" <types:SymbolList> <name:("in" <Identifier>)?> "do" <b:Block> <mut ch:CatchChain> => {
-
-		ch.push(CatchBlock { name, types: Some(types), body: *b });
-		ch
-	},
-	"catch" "*" <name:("in" <Identifier>)?> "do" <b:Block> <mut ch:CatchChain> => {
-		ch.push(CatchBlock { name, types: None, body: *b });
-		ch
-	},
-	"end" => Vec::new(),
-}
-
-SymbolList: Vec<Symbol> = {
-	<mut xs:(<SymbolLiteral> ",")*> <x:SymbolLiteral?>  => {
-		if let Some(x) = x { xs.push(x) };
-		xs
-	},
-}
-
-ExprList: Vec<Expr<'input>> = {
-	<xs:(<Expr> ",")*> <x:Expr?>  => {
-		let mut xs: Vec<_> = xs.into_iter().map(|x| *x).collect();
-		if let Some(x) = x { xs.push(*x) };
-		xs
-	}
-}
-
-TableItems: Vec<(Expr<'input>, Expr<'input>)> = {
-	<mut xs:(<TableItem> ",")*> <x:TableItem?> => {
-		if let Some(x) = x { xs.push(x) };
-		xs
-	}
-}
-
-TableItem: (Expr<'input>, Expr<'input>) = {
-	<k:TableKey> "=" <v:Expr> => (k, *v),
-}
-
-TableKey: Expr<'input> = {
-	Identifier => Expr::Literal(Value::Symbol(Symbol::get(<>))),
-	TermNotIdent => *<>,
-}
-
-IdentList: Vec<&'input LStr> = {
-	<mut xs:(<Identifier> ",")*> <x:Identifier?>
-		=> { if let Some(x) = x { xs.push(x) }; xs }
-}
-
-Identifier: &'input LStr = TokIdentifier => <>.into();
-
-
-//
-//  literals
-//
-
-Literal: Value = {
-	TokDecInteger =>? parse_int(<>, 10)
-		.map(Value::Int)
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-	TokHexInteger =>? parse_int(&<>[2..], 16)
-		.map(Value::Int)
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-	TokOctInteger =>? parse_int(&<>[2..], 8)
-		.map(Value::Int)
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-	TokSexInteger =>? parse_int(&<>[2..], 6)
-		.map(Value::Int)
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-	TokBinInteger =>? parse_int(&<>[2..], 2)
-		.map(Value::Int)
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-	<f:TokFloat> =>? {
-		if let Some(f) = f.strip_suffix('i') {
-			parse_float(f)
-				.map(|im| Value::Complex(Complex64::new(0.0, im)))
-				.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into())
-		} else {
-			parse_float(f)
-				.map(Value::Float)
-				.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into())
-		}
-	},
-	StringLiteral => Value::String(<>),
-	SymbolLiteral => Value::Symbol(<>),
-	"true" => Value::Bool(true),
-	"false" => Value::Bool(false),
-	"nil" => Value::Nil,
-}
-
-StringLiteral: Rc<LStr> = {
-	TokStringSingle => LStr::from_str(&<>[1..<>.len()-1]).into(),
-	TokStringDouble =>? parse_str_escapes(&<>[1..<>.len()-1])
-		.map(|s| s.into())
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-}
-
-SymbolLiteral: Symbol = {
-	TokSymbolNone => Symbol::get(&<>[1..]),
-	TokSymbolSingle => Symbol::get(&<>[2..<>.len()-1]),
-	TokSymbolDouble =>? parse_str_escapes(&<>[2..<>.len()-1])
-		.map(|s| Symbol::get(&s))
-		.map_err(|e| ParseError::from(e).into()),
-}

talc-lang/src/parser/ast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+use core::fmt;
+
+use crate::{symbol::Symbol, value::Value};
+
+use super::Span;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum BinaryOp {
+	Add,
+	Sub,
+	Mul,
+	Div,
+	Mod,
+	Pow,
+	IntDiv,
+	Shr,
+	Shl,
+	BitAnd,
+	BitXor,
+	BitOr,
+	Eq,
+	Ne,
+	Gt,
+	Lt,
+	Ge,
+	Le,
+	Concat,
+	Append,
+	Range,
+	RangeIncl,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum UnaryOp {
+	Neg,
+	Not,
+	RangeEndless,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Expr {
+	pub span: Span,
+	pub kind: ExprKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ExprKind {
+	Literal(Value),
+	Ident(Symbol),
+
+	UnaryOp(UnaryOp, Box<Expr>),
+	BinaryOp(BinaryOp, Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+
+	Assign(Option<BinaryOp>, Box<LValue>, Box<Expr>),
+	AssignVar(Symbol, Box<Expr>),
+	AssignGlobal(Symbol, Box<Expr>),
+	FnDef(Option<Symbol>, Vec<Symbol>, Box<Expr>),
+
+	Index(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+	FnCall(Box<Expr>, Vec<Expr>),
+	AssocFnCall(Box<Expr>, Symbol, Vec<Expr>),
+	Pipe(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+
+	Block(Vec<Expr>),
+	List(Vec<Expr>),
+	Table(Vec<(Expr, Expr)>),
+
+	Return(Box<Expr>),
+	And(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+	Or(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+	If(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>, Option<Box<Expr>>),
+	While(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+	For(Symbol, Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+	Lambda(Vec<Symbol>, Box<Expr>),
+	Try(Box<Expr>, Vec<CatchBlock>),
+}
+
+impl ExprKind {
+	pub fn span(self, span: Span) -> Expr {
+		Expr { kind: self, span }
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CatchBlock {
+	pub span: Span,
+	pub name: Option<Symbol>,
+	pub types: Option<Vec<Symbol>>,
+	pub body: Expr,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LValue {
+	pub span: Span,
+	pub kind: LValueKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum LValueKind {
+	Ident(Symbol),
+	Index(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
+}
+
+impl LValueKind {
+	pub fn span(self, span: Span) -> LValue {
+		LValue { kind: self, span }
+	}
+}
+
+impl LValue {
+	pub fn from_expr(e: Expr) -> Option<LValue> {
+		let Expr { span, kind } = e;
+		match kind {
+			ExprKind::Ident(i) => Some(LValueKind::Ident(i).span(span)),
+			ExprKind::Index(l, r) => Some(LValueKind::Index(l, r).span(span)),
+			_ => None,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl CatchBlock {
+	pub fn write_to(&self, w: &mut impl fmt::Write, depth: usize) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(w, "{0: >1$}catch", "", depth * 2)?;
+		if let Some(name) = self.name {
+			write!(w, " ${}", name.name())?;
+		}
+		if let Some(types) = &self.types {
+			write!(w, ":")?;
+			for ty in types {
+				write!(w, " {}", ty.name())?;
+			}
+		}
+		writeln!(w)?;
+		self.body.write_to(w, depth + 1)
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CatchBlock {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		self.write_to(f, 0)
+	}
+}
+
+impl LValue {
+	pub fn write_to(&self, w: &mut impl fmt::Write, depth: usize) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(w, "{0: >1$}", "", depth * 2)?;
+		let depth = depth + 1;
+		match &self.kind {
+			LValueKind::Ident(n) => writeln!(w, "${}", n.name()),
+			LValueKind::Index(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "index")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for LValue {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		self.write_to(f, 0)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Expr {
+	pub fn write_to(&self, w: &mut impl fmt::Write, depth: usize) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(w, "{0: >1$}", "", depth * 2)?;
+		let depth = depth + 1;
+		match &self.kind {
+			ExprKind::Literal(val) => writeln!(w, "{val}"),
+			ExprKind::Ident(n) => writeln!(w, "${}", n.name()),
+			ExprKind::UnaryOp(op, e) => {
+				writeln!(w, "uop {op:?}")?;
+				e.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::BinaryOp(op, l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "bop {op:?}")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Assign(op, l, r) => {
+				if let Some(op) = op {
+					writeln!(w, "asgn {op:?}")?;
+				} else {
+					writeln!(w, "asgn =")?;
+				}
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::AssignVar(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "var {}", l.name())?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::AssignGlobal(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "global {}", l.name())?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::FnDef(n, p, b) => {
+				if let Some(n) = n {
+					writeln!(w, "fndef ${}", n.name())?;
+				} else {
+					writeln!(w, "fndef anon")?;
+				}
+				for arg in p {
+					writeln!(w, " ${}", arg.name())?;
+				}
+				b.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Index(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "index")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::FnCall(f, a) => {
+				writeln!(w, "call")?;
+				f.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				for arg in a {
+					arg.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::AssocFnCall(d, f, a) => {
+				writeln!(w, "assoc call {}", f.name())?;
+				d.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				for arg in a {
+					arg.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::Pipe(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "pipe")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Block(b) => {
+				writeln!(w, "block")?;
+				for e in b {
+					e.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::List(l) => {
+				writeln!(w, "list")?;
+				for e in l {
+					e.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::Table(t) => {
+				writeln!(w, "list")?;
+				for (k, v) in t {
+					k.write_to(w, depth)?;
+					v.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::Return(e) => {
+				writeln!(w, "return")?;
+				e.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::And(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "and")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Or(l, r) => {
+				writeln!(w, "or")?;
+				l.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				r.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::If(c, b, e) => {
+				writeln!(w, "if")?;
+				c.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				b.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				if let Some(e) = e {
+					e.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+			ExprKind::While(c, b) => {
+				writeln!(w, "while")?;
+				c.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				b.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::For(v, i, b) => {
+				writeln!(w, "for {}", v.name())?;
+				i.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				b.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Lambda(a, b) => {
+				write!(w, "lambda")?;
+				for arg in a {
+					write!(w, " {}", arg.name())?;
+				}
+				writeln!(w)?;
+				b.write_to(w, depth)
+			}
+			ExprKind::Try(t, c) => {
+				write!(w, "try")?;
+				t.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				for catch in c {
+					catch.write_to(w, depth)?;
+				}
+				Ok(())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Expr {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		self.write_to(f, 0)
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/parser/lexer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+use std::{fmt, iter::Peekable, str::Chars};
+
+use unicode_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
+
+use super::{ParserError, Pos, Span};
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, ParserError>;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TokenKind {
+	Eof,
+	LineSeparator,
+
+	Bang,
+	BangEqual,
+	HashAmper,
+	HashAmperEqual,
+	HashCaret,
+	HashCaretEqual,
+	HashPipe,
+	HashPipeEqual,
+	Dollar,
+	Percent,
+	PercentEqual,
+	Amper,
+	AmperEqual,
+	Star,
+	StarEqual,
+	Plus,
+	PlusPlus,
+	PlusPlusEqual,
+	PlusEqual,
+	Comma,
+	Minus,
+	MinusEqual,
+	Arrow,
+	Dot,
+	DotDot,
+	DotDotStar,
+	DotDotEqual,
+	Slash,
+	SlashSlash,
+	SlashSlashEqual,
+	SlashEqual,
+	Colon,
+	Less,
+	LessLess,
+	LessLessEqual,
+	LessEqual,
+	Equal,
+	EqualEqual,
+	Greater,
+	GreaterEqual,
+	GreaterGreater,
+	GreaterGreaterEqual,
+	LParen,
+	RParen,
+	LBrack,
+	RBrack,
+	LBrace,
+	RBrace,
+	Backslash,
+	Caret,
+	CaretEqual,
+	Pipe,
+
+	Identifier,
+	Integer,
+	Float,
+	Imaginary,
+	String,
+	Symbol,
+	And,
+	Break,
+	Catch,
+	Continue,
+	Do,
+	Elif,
+	Else,
+	End,
+	False,
+	Fn,
+	For,
+	Global,
+	If,
+	In,
+	Nil,
+	Not,
+	Or,
+	Return,
+	Then,
+	True,
+	Try,
+	Var,
+	While,
+}
+use TokenKind as K;
+
+impl TokenKind {
+	pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+		match self {
+			K::Eof => "end of file",
+			K::LineSeparator => "line separator",
+			K::Bang => "'!'",
+			K::BangEqual => "'!='",
+			K::HashAmper => "'#&'",
+			K::HashAmperEqual => "'#&='",
+			K::HashCaret => "'#^'",
+			K::HashCaretEqual => "'#^='",
+			K::HashPipe => "'#|'",
+			K::HashPipeEqual => "'#|='",
+			K::Dollar => "'$'",
+			K::Percent => "'%'",
+			K::PercentEqual => "'%='",
+			K::Amper => "'&'",
+			K::AmperEqual => "'&='",
+			K::Star => "'*'",
+			K::StarEqual => "'*='",
+			K::Plus => "'+'",
+			K::PlusPlus => "'++'",
+			K::PlusPlusEqual => "'++='",
+			K::PlusEqual => "'+='",
+			K::Comma => "','",
+			K::Minus => "'-'",
+			K::MinusEqual => "'-='",
+			K::Arrow => "'=>'",
+			K::Dot => "'.'",
+			K::DotDot => "'..'",
+			K::DotDotStar => "'..*'",
+			K::DotDotEqual => "'..='",
+			K::Slash => "'/'",
+			K::SlashSlash => "'//'",
+			K::SlashSlashEqual => "'//='",
+			K::SlashEqual => "'/='",
+			K::Colon => "':'",
+			K::Less => "'<'",
+			K::LessLess => "'<<'",
+			K::LessLessEqual => "'<<='",
+			K::LessEqual => "'<='",
+			K::Equal => "'='",
+			K::EqualEqual => "'=='",
+			K::Greater => "'>'",
+			K::GreaterEqual => "'>='",
+			K::GreaterGreater => "'>>'",
+			K::GreaterGreaterEqual => "'>>='",
+			K::LParen => "'('",
+			K::RParen => "')'",
+			K::LBrack => "'['",
+			K::RBrack => "']'",
+			K::LBrace => "'{'",
+			K::RBrace => "'}'",
+			K::Backslash => "'\\'",
+			K::Caret => "'^'",
+			K::CaretEqual => "'^='",
+			K::Pipe => "'|'",
+			K::Identifier => "identifier",
+			K::Integer => "integer",
+			K::Float => "float",
+			K::Imaginary => "imaginary",
+			K::String => "string",
+			K::Symbol => "symbol",
+			K::And => "'and'",
+			K::Break => "'break'",
+			K::Catch => "'catch'",
+			K::Continue => "'continue'",
+			K::Do => "'do'",
+			K::Elif => "'elif'",
+			K::Else => "'else'",
+			K::End => "'end'",
+			K::False => "'false'",
+			K::Fn => "'fn'",
+			K::For => "'for'",
+			K::Global => "'global'",
+			K::If => "'if'",
+			K::In => "'in'",
+			K::Nil => "'nil'",
+			K::Not => "'not'",
+			K::Or => "'or'",
+			K::Return => "'return'",
+			K::Then => "'then'",
+			K::True => "'true'",
+			K::Try => "'try'",
+			K::Var => "'var'",
+			K::While => "'while'",
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TokenKind {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		f.write_str(self.name())
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct Token<'s> {
+	pub span: Span,
+	pub content: &'s str,
+	pub kind: TokenKind,
+}
+
+pub struct Lexer<'s> {
+	src: &'s str,
+	chars: Peekable<Chars<'s>>,
+	start_pos: Pos,
+	pos: Pos,
+}
+
+impl<'s> Lexer<'s> {
+	pub fn new(src: &'s str) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			src,
+			chars: src.chars().peekable(),
+			start_pos: Pos::new(),
+			pos: Pos::new(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn invalid_char(&self, c: char) -> ParserError {
+		let span = Span::new(self.pos, self.pos.advance(c));
+		let msg = match c as u32 {
+			c @ 0x00..=0x7f => format!("invalid character (codepoint 0x{:2x})", c),
+			c => format!("invalid character (codepoint U+{:04x})", c),
+		};
+		ParserError { span, msg }
+	}
+
+	fn filter_char(&mut self, c: Option<char>, advance: bool) -> Result<char> {
+		match c {
+			Some(c) if c.is_control() && !matches!(c, '\n' | '\r' | '\t') => {
+				Err(self.invalid_char(c))
+			}
+			Some(c) => {
+				if advance {
+					self.pos = self.pos.advance(c);
+				}
+				Ok(c)
+			}
+			None => Ok('\0'),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn peek(&mut self) -> Result<char> {
+		let c = self.chars.peek().copied();
+		self.filter_char(c, false)
+	}
+
+	fn peek_n(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<char> {
+		let chars = &self.src[(self.pos.idx as usize)..];
+		chars.chars().nth(n)
+	}
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Result<char> {
+		let c = self.chars.next();
+		self.filter_char(c, true)
+	}
+
+	fn and_peek(&mut self) -> Result<char> {
+		self.next()?;
+		self.peek()
+	}
+
+	fn emit(&self, kind: TokenKind) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		let span = Span::new(self.start_pos, self.pos);
+		Ok(Token {
+			span,
+			content: span.of(self.src),
+			kind,
+		})
+	}
+
+	fn and_emit(&mut self, kind: TokenKind) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		self.next()?;
+		self.emit(kind)
+	}
+
+	fn unexpected(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		let c = self.peek()?;
+		let span = Span::new(self.pos, self.pos.advance(c));
+		let msg = match c {
+			'\0' => "unexpected end of file".to_owned(),
+			'\n' => "unexpected newline character".to_owned(),
+			'\t' => "unexpected tab character".to_owned(),
+			'\r' => "unexpected return character".to_owned(),
+			c => format!("unexpected character {c}"),
+		};
+		Err(ParserError { span, msg })
+	}
+
+	fn next_ident(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		self.next()?;
+		while is_xid_continue(self.peek()?) {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		let kind = match Span::new(self.start_pos, self.pos).of(self.src) {
+			"and" => K::And,
+			"break" => K::Break,
+			"catch" => K::Catch,
+			"continue" => K::Continue,
+			"do" => K::Do,
+			"elif" => K::Elif,
+			"else" => K::Else,
+			"end" => K::End,
+			"false" => K::False,
+			"fn" => K::Fn,
+			"for" => K::For,
+			"global" => K::Global,
+			"if" => K::If,
+			"in" => K::In,
+			"nil" => K::Nil,
+			"not" => K::Not,
+			"or" => K::Or,
+			"return" => K::Return,
+			"then" => K::Then,
+			"true" => K::True,
+			"try" => K::Try,
+			"var" => K::Var,
+			"while" => K::While,
+			_ => K::Identifier,
+		};
+		self.emit(kind)
+	}
+
+	fn next_int_base(&mut self, radix: u32) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		loop {
+			let c = self.peek()?;
+			if c == '_' || c.is_digit(radix) {
+				self.next()?;
+			} else if is_xid_start(c) {
+				return self.unexpected()
+			} else {
+				return self.emit(K::Integer)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_imag(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		self.next()?;
+		if is_xid_start(self.peek()?) {
+			self.unexpected()
+		} else {
+			self.emit(K::Imaginary)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_float(&mut self, mut has_e: bool) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		while !has_e {
+			while matches!(self.peek()?, '_' | '0'..='9') {
+				self.next()?;
+			}
+			match self.peek()? {
+				'e' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					has_e = true;
+				}
+				'i' => return self.next_imag(),
+				c if is_xid_start(c) => return self.unexpected(),
+				_ => return self.emit(K::Float),
+			}
+		}
+		if matches!(self.peek()?, '+' | '-') {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		while matches!(self.peek()?, '_' | '0'..='9') {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		match self.peek()? {
+			'i' => self.next_imag(),
+			c if is_xid_start(c) => self.unexpected(),
+			_ => self.emit(K::Float),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_number(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		if self.next()? == '0' {
+			while self.peek()? == '_' {
+				self.next()?;
+			}
+			match self.peek()? {
+				'x' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					return self.next_int_base(16)
+				}
+				'o' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					return self.next_int_base(8)
+				}
+				's' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					return self.next_int_base(6)
+				}
+				'b' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					return self.next_int_base(2)
+				}
+				'0'..='9' | '.' | 'e' | 'i' => (),
+				c if is_xid_start(c) => return self.unexpected(),
+				_ => return self.emit(K::Integer),
+			}
+		}
+		while matches!(self.peek()?, '_' | '0'..='9') {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		match self.peek()? {
+			'r' => todo!("arbitrary radix integer literals"),
+			'e' => {
+				self.next()?;
+				self.next_float(true)
+			}
+			'i' => self.next_imag(),
+			'.' => {
+				if self.peek_n(1) == Some('.') {
+					self.emit(K::Integer)
+				} else {
+					self.next()?;
+					self.next_float(false)
+				}
+			}
+			c if is_xid_start(c) => self.unexpected(),
+			_ => self.emit(K::Integer),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_string(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		let double_quote = self.next()? == '"';
+		loop {
+			match self.next()? {
+				'\0' => return self.unexpected(),
+				'"' if double_quote => break,
+				'\'' if !double_quote => break,
+				'\\' if double_quote => {
+					self.next()?;
+				}
+				_ => (),
+			}
+		}
+		self.emit(K::String)
+	}
+
+	fn next_symbol(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		if matches!(self.peek()?, '\'' | '"') {
+			self.next_string()?;
+		} else {
+			self.next_ident()?;
+		}
+		self.emit(K::Symbol)
+	}
+
+	fn line_comment(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		while !matches!(self.peek()?, '\0' | '\n') {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		self.next_token()
+	}
+
+	fn next_token(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		while matches!(self.peek()?, ' ' | '\t' | '\r') {
+			self.next()?;
+		}
+		self.start_pos = self.pos;
+		match self.peek()? {
+			// misc
+			'\0' => self.emit(K::Eof),
+			';' | '\n' => self.and_emit(K::LineSeparator),
+			'(' => self.and_emit(K::LParen),
+			')' => self.and_emit(K::RParen),
+			'{' => self.and_emit(K::LBrace),
+			'}' => self.and_emit(K::RBrace),
+			'[' => self.and_emit(K::LBrack),
+			']' => self.and_emit(K::RBrack),
+			',' => self.and_emit(K::Comma),
+			'$' => self.and_emit(K::Dollar),
+			'|' => self.and_emit(K::Pipe),
+			'\\' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'\n' => {
+					self.next()?;
+					self.next_token()
+				}
+				_ => self.emit(K::Backslash),
+			},
+			// arithmetic
+			'+' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'+' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::PlusPlusEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::PlusPlus),
+				},
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::PlusEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Plus),
+			},
+			'-' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'-' => self.line_comment(),
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::MinusEqual),
+				'>' => self.and_emit(K::Arrow),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Minus),
+			},
+			'*' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::StarEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Star),
+			},
+			'/' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'/' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::SlashSlashEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::SlashSlash),
+				},
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::SlashEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Slash),
+			},
+			'%' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::PercentEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Percent),
+			},
+			'^' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::CaretEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Caret),
+			},
+			// logical
+			'#' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'&' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::HashAmperEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::HashAmper),
+				},
+				'^' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::HashCaretEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::HashCaret),
+				},
+				'|' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::HashPipeEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::HashPipe),
+				},
+				'!' => self.line_comment(),
+				_ => self.unexpected(),
+			},
+			// lists
+			'!' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::BangEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Bang),
+			},
+			'&' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::AmperEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Amper),
+			},
+			// comparison
+			'<' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'<' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::LessLessEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::LessLess),
+				},
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::LessEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Less),
+			},
+			'>' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'>' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::GreaterGreaterEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::GreaterGreater),
+				},
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::GreaterEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Greater),
+			},
+			'=' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'=' => self.and_emit(K::EqualEqual),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Equal),
+			},
+			// range
+			'.' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				'.' => match self.and_peek()? {
+					'*' => self.and_emit(K::DotDotStar),
+					'=' => self.and_emit(K::DotDotEqual),
+					_ => self.emit(K::DotDot),
+				},
+				_ => self.emit(K::Dot),
+			},
+			':' => match self.and_peek()? {
+				c if is_xid_start(c) || c == '"' || c == '\'' => self.next_symbol(),
+				_ => self.emit(K::Colon),
+			},
+			'0'..='9' => self.next_number(),
+			c if is_xid_start(c) => self.next_ident(),
+			'"' | '\'' => self.next_string(),
+			_ => self.unexpected(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn tokens(mut self) -> Result<Vec<Token<'s>>> {
+		let mut res = Vec::new();
+		loop {
+			let t = self.next_token()?;
+			let k = t.kind;
+			res.push(t);
+			if k == TokenKind::Eof {
+				return Ok(res)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl<'s> Iterator for Lexer<'s> {
+	type Item = Result<Token<'s>>;
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+		Some(self.next_token())
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/parser/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+pub mod ast;
+
+mod lexer;
+pub use lexer::*;
+
+#[expect(clippy::module_inception)]
+mod parser;
+pub use parser::*;
+
+mod pos;
+pub use pos::*;
+
+mod util;
+pub use util::*;

talc-lang/src/parser/parser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+
+use crate::{
+	symbol::{Symbol, SYM_DOLLAR_SIGN},
+	value::Value,
+};
+
+use super::{
+	ast::{BinaryOp, CatchBlock, Expr, ExprKind, LValue, UnaryOp},
+	parse_float, parse_int_literal, parse_str_escapes, Lexer, ParserError, Span,
+	SpanParserError, Token, TokenKind,
+};
+use num_complex::Complex64;
+use ExprKind as E;
+use TokenKind as T;
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, ParserError>;
+
+macro_rules! expect {
+    ($self:expr, $($t:tt)*) => {{
+        let t = $self.next()?;
+        match t.kind {
+            $($t)* => t,
+            e => return Err(ParserError { span: t.span, msg: expect_inner!(e, $($t)*) })
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! expect_inner {
+    ($e:expr, $($tok:path)|*) => {
+        {
+            let mut s = format!("unexpected token {}, expected ", $e.name())
+                + $($tok.name() + ", " +)* "";
+            s.truncate(s.len() - 2);
+            s
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! try_next {
+	($self:expr, $pat:pat) => {{
+		let t = $self.peek()?;
+		match t.kind {
+			$pat => Some($self.next()?),
+			_ => None,
+		}
+	}};
+}
+
+macro_rules! throw {
+    ($span:expr, $($t:tt)*) => {
+        return Err(ParserError { span: $span, msg: format!($($t)*) })
+    };
+}
+
+impl TokenKind {
+	pub fn assign_op(self) -> Option<Option<BinaryOp>> {
+		Some(match self {
+			T::PlusPlusEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Concat),
+			T::AmperEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Append),
+			T::HashPipeEqual => Some(BinaryOp::BitOr),
+			T::HashCaretEqual => Some(BinaryOp::BitXor),
+			T::HashAmperEqual => Some(BinaryOp::BitAnd),
+			T::LessLessEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Shl),
+			T::GreaterGreaterEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Shr),
+			T::PlusEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Add),
+			T::MinusEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Sub),
+			T::StarEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Mul),
+			T::SlashEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Div),
+			T::SlashSlashEqual => Some(BinaryOp::IntDiv),
+			T::PercentEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Mod),
+			T::CaretEqual => Some(BinaryOp::Pow),
+			T::Equal => None,
+			_ => return None,
+		})
+	}
+
+	pub fn binary_op(self) -> Option<BinaryOp> {
+		Some(match self {
+			T::EqualEqual => BinaryOp::Eq,
+			T::BangEqual => BinaryOp::Ne,
+			T::Greater => BinaryOp::Gt,
+			T::GreaterEqual => BinaryOp::Ge,
+			T::Less => BinaryOp::Lt,
+			T::LessEqual => BinaryOp::Le,
+			T::PlusPlus => BinaryOp::Concat,
+			T::Amper => BinaryOp::Append,
+			T::DotDot => BinaryOp::Range,
+			T::DotDotEqual => BinaryOp::RangeIncl,
+			T::HashPipe => BinaryOp::BitOr,
+			T::HashCaret => BinaryOp::BitXor,
+			T::HashAmper => BinaryOp::BitAnd,
+			T::LessLess => BinaryOp::Shl,
+			T::GreaterGreater => BinaryOp::Shr,
+			T::Plus => BinaryOp::Add,
+			T::Minus => BinaryOp::Sub,
+			T::Star => BinaryOp::Mul,
+			T::Slash => BinaryOp::Div,
+			T::SlashSlash => BinaryOp::IntDiv,
+			T::Percent => BinaryOp::Mod,
+			T::Caret => BinaryOp::Pow,
+			_ => return None,
+		})
+	}
+
+	pub fn unary_op(self) -> Option<UnaryOp> {
+		match self {
+			T::Minus => Some(UnaryOp::Neg),
+			T::Not => Some(UnaryOp::Not),
+			_ => None,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn postfix_unary_op(self) -> Option<UnaryOp> {
+		match self {
+			T::DotDotStar => Some(UnaryOp::RangeEndless),
+			_ => None,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl UnaryOp {
+	pub fn precedence(self) -> u8 {
+		match self {
+			UnaryOp::Not => 0,
+			UnaryOp::RangeEndless => 40,
+			UnaryOp::Neg => 110,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl BinaryOp {
+	pub fn precedence(self) -> (u8, u8) {
+		match self {
+			BinaryOp::Eq
+			| BinaryOp::Ne
+			| BinaryOp::Gt
+			| BinaryOp::Ge
+			| BinaryOp::Lt
+			| BinaryOp::Le => (10, 10),
+			BinaryOp::Concat => (20, 25),
+			BinaryOp::Append => (30, 35),
+			BinaryOp::Range | BinaryOp::RangeIncl => (40, 40),
+			BinaryOp::BitOr => (50, 55),
+			BinaryOp::BitXor => (60, 65),
+			BinaryOp::BitAnd => (70, 75),
+			BinaryOp::Shl | BinaryOp::Shr => (80, 85),
+			BinaryOp::Add | BinaryOp::Sub => (90, 95),
+			BinaryOp::Mul | BinaryOp::Div | BinaryOp::IntDiv | BinaryOp::Mod => (100, 105),
+			BinaryOp::Pow => (125, 120),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn b<T>(t: T) -> Box<T> {
+	Box::new(t)
+}
+
+impl TokenKind {
+	fn expr_first(self) -> bool {
+		matches!(
+			self,
+			T::Return
+				| T::Var | T::Global
+				| T::Fn | T::Not
+				| T::Backslash
+				| T::Colon | T::Minus
+				| T::Identifier
+				| T::LParen | T::LBrack
+				| T::LBrace | T::Dollar
+				| T::Do | T::If
+				| T::While | T::For
+				| T::Try | T::Integer
+				| T::Float | T::Imaginary
+				| T::String | T::Symbol
+				| T::True | T::False
+				| T::Nil
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+struct Parser<'s> {
+	lexer: Peekable<Lexer<'s>>,
+}
+
+impl<'s> Parser<'s> {
+	fn new(src: &'s str) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			lexer: Lexer::new(src).peekable(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		self.lexer.next().unwrap()
+	}
+
+	fn peek(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'s>> {
+		self.lexer.peek().unwrap().clone()
+	}
+
+	fn parse_table_items(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<(Expr, Expr)>> {
+		let mut items = Vec::new();
+		while self.peek()?.kind.expr_first() {
+			let key = if let Some(id) = try_next!(self, T::Identifier) {
+				E::Literal(Symbol::get(id.content).into()).span(id.span)
+			} else {
+				self.parse_term_not_ident()?
+			};
+
+			expect!(self, T::Equal);
+
+			let value = self.parse_expr()?;
+
+			items.push((key, value));
+
+			if try_next!(self, T::Comma).is_none() {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		Ok(items)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_expr_list(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Expr>> {
+		let mut exprs = Vec::new();
+		while self.peek()?.kind.expr_first() {
+			exprs.push(self.parse_expr()?);
+			if try_next!(self, T::Comma).is_none() {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		Ok(exprs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_ident_list(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Symbol>> {
+		let mut idents = Vec::new();
+		while let Some(tok) = try_next!(self, T::Identifier) {
+			idents.push(Symbol::get(tok.content));
+			if try_next!(self, T::Comma).is_none() {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		Ok(idents)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_symbol_list(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Symbol>> {
+		let mut syms = Vec::new();
+		while let Some(tok) = try_next!(self, T::Symbol) {
+			syms.push(Symbol::get(tok.content));
+			if try_next!(self, T::Comma).is_none() {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		Ok(syms)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_catch_blocks(&mut self) -> Result<(Vec<CatchBlock>, Span)> {
+		let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+		let mut outer_span = self.peek()?.span;
+		loop {
+			let tok = expect!(self, T::Catch | T::End);
+			if tok.kind == T::End {
+				break
+			}
+
+			let types = match try_next!(self, T::Star) {
+				Some(_) => None,
+				None => Some(self.parse_symbol_list()?),
+			};
+
+			let name = match try_next!(self, T::In) {
+				Some(_) => Some(Symbol::get(expect!(self, T::Identifier).content)),
+				None => None,
+			};
+
+			expect!(self, T::Do);
+			let body = self.parse_block()?;
+
+			let span = tok.span + body.span;
+			blocks.push(CatchBlock {
+				span,
+				name,
+				types,
+				body,
+			});
+			outer_span += span;
+		}
+		Ok((blocks, outer_span))
+	}
+
+	fn parse_if_stmt_chain(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let cond = self.parse_expr()?;
+		expect!(self, T::Then);
+		let body = self.parse_block()?;
+		let tok = expect!(self, T::End | T::Else | T::Elif);
+		let span = cond.span + tok.span;
+		match tok.kind {
+			T::End => Ok(E::If(b(cond), b(body), None).span(span)),
+			T::Else => {
+				let else_body = self.parse_block()?;
+				expect!(self, T::End);
+				let span = span + else_body.span;
+				Ok(E::If(b(cond), b(body), Some(b(else_body))).span(span))
+			}
+			T::Elif => {
+				let elif_body = self.parse_if_stmt_chain()?;
+				let span = span + elif_body.span;
+				Ok(E::If(b(cond), b(body), Some(b(elif_body))).span(span))
+			}
+			_ => unreachable!("parse_if_stmt_chain: guaranteed by expect!"),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_term_not_ident(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let tok = self.next()?;
+		match tok.kind {
+			T::LParen => {
+				let e = self.parse_expr()?;
+				expect!(self, T::RParen);
+				Ok(e)
+			}
+			T::LBrack => {
+				let args = self.parse_expr_list()?;
+				let end = expect!(self, T::RBrack);
+				Ok(E::List(args).span(tok.span + end.span))
+			}
+			T::LBrace => {
+				let args = self.parse_table_items()?;
+				let end = expect!(self, T::RBrace);
+				Ok(E::Table(args).span(tok.span + end.span))
+			}
+			T::Dollar => Ok(E::Ident(*SYM_DOLLAR_SIGN).span(tok.span)),
+			T::Do => {
+				let b = self.parse_block()?;
+				expect!(self, T::End);
+				Ok(b)
+			}
+			T::If => self.parse_if_stmt_chain(),
+			T::While => {
+				let cond = self.parse_expr()?;
+				expect!(self, T::Do);
+				let body = self.parse_block()?;
+				let end = expect!(self, T::End);
+				let span = cond.span + end.span;
+				Ok(E::While(b(cond), b(body)).span(span))
+			}
+			T::For => {
+				let var = expect!(self, T::Identifier);
+				expect!(self, T::In);
+				let iter = self.parse_expr()?;
+				expect!(self, T::Do);
+				let body = self.parse_block()?;
+				let end = expect!(self, T::End);
+				let span = var.span + end.span;
+				Ok(E::For(Symbol::get(var.content), b(iter), b(body)).span(span))
+			}
+			T::Try => {
+				let body = self.parse_block()?;
+				let (catch, span) = self.parse_catch_blocks()?;
+				Ok(E::Try(b(body), catch).span(tok.span + span))
+			}
+			T::Integer => {
+				let n = parse_int_literal(tok.content).span_err(tok.span)?;
+				Ok(E::Literal(n.into()).span(tok.span))
+			}
+			T::Float => {
+				let x = parse_float(tok.content).span_err(tok.span)?;
+				Ok(E::Literal(x.into()).span(tok.span))
+			}
+			T::Imaginary => {
+				let x = parse_float(&tok.content[..tok.content.len() - 1])
+					.span_err(tok.span)?;
+				Ok(E::Literal(Complex64::new(0.0, x).into()).span(tok.span))
+			}
+			T::String => {
+				let inner = &tok.content[1..tok.content.len() - 1];
+				let s = if &tok.content[..1] == "\"" {
+					parse_str_escapes(inner).span_err(tok.span)?
+				} else {
+					inner.into()
+				};
+				Ok(E::Literal(s.into()).span(tok.span))
+			}
+			T::Symbol => {
+				let inner = &tok.content[1..];
+				let s = match inner.chars().next() {
+					Some('\'') => Symbol::get(&inner[1..inner.len() - 1]),
+					Some('\"') => Symbol::get(
+						&parse_str_escapes(&inner[1..inner.len() - 1])
+							.span_err(tok.span)?,
+					),
+					_ => Symbol::get(inner),
+				};
+				Ok(E::Literal(s.into()).span(tok.span))
+			}
+			T::True => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Bool(true)).span(tok.span)),
+			T::False => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Bool(false)).span(tok.span)),
+			T::Nil => Ok(E::Literal(Value::Nil).span(tok.span)),
+			t => throw!(
+				tok.span,
+				"unexpected token {}, expected expression",
+				t.name()
+			),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_term(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		if let Some(tok) = try_next!(self, T::Identifier) {
+			Ok(E::Ident(Symbol::get(tok.content)).span(tok.span))
+		} else {
+			self.parse_term_not_ident()
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_access(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let mut lhs = self.parse_term()?;
+		loop {
+			let tok = try_next!(self, T::LParen | T::LBrack | T::Arrow | T::Dot);
+			match tok.map(|t| t.kind) {
+				Some(T::LParen) => {
+					let args = self.parse_expr_list()?;
+					let end = expect!(self, T::RParen);
+					let lhs_span = lhs.span;
+					lhs = E::FnCall(b(lhs), args).span(lhs_span + end.span);
+				}
+				Some(T::LBrack) => {
+					let idx = self.parse_expr()?;
+					let end = expect!(self, T::RBrack);
+					let lhs_span = lhs.span;
+					lhs = E::Index(b(lhs), b(idx)).span(lhs_span + end.span);
+				}
+				Some(T::Arrow) => {
+					let field = expect!(self, T::Identifier);
+					let symbol = Symbol::get(field.content);
+					expect!(self, T::LParen);
+					let args = self.parse_expr_list()?;
+					let end = expect!(self, T::RParen);
+					let lhs_span = lhs.span;
+					lhs = E::AssocFnCall(b(lhs), symbol, args).span(lhs_span + end.span);
+				}
+				Some(T::Dot) => {
+					let field = expect!(self, T::Identifier);
+					let symbol = Symbol::get(field.content);
+					let idx = E::Literal(symbol.into()).span(field.span);
+					let lhs_span = lhs.span;
+					lhs = E::Index(b(lhs), b(idx)).span(lhs_span + field.span);
+				}
+				None => break,
+				_ => unreachable!("parse_access: guaranteed by try_next!"),
+			}
+		}
+		Ok(lhs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_precedence(&mut self, min_prec: u8) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let mut lhs = if let Some(op) = self.peek()?.kind.unary_op() {
+			let tok = self.next()?;
+			let rhs = self.parse_precedence(op.precedence())?;
+			let span = tok.span + rhs.span;
+			E::UnaryOp(op, b(rhs)).span(span)
+		} else {
+			self.parse_access()?
+		};
+		let mut span = lhs.span;
+
+		loop {
+			let tok = self.peek()?;
+			if let Some(op) = tok.kind.postfix_unary_op() {
+				if op.precedence() < min_prec {
+					break
+				}
+				self.next()?;
+				span += tok.span;
+				lhs = E::UnaryOp(op, b(lhs)).span(span);
+				continue
+			};
+			let Some(op) = tok.kind.binary_op() else {
+				break
+			};
+			let (lp, rp) = op.precedence();
+			if lp < min_prec {
+				break
+			}
+
+			self.next()?;
+			let rhs = self.parse_precedence(rp)?;
+			span += rhs.span;
+
+			lhs = E::BinaryOp(op, Box::new(lhs), Box::new(rhs)).span(span);
+		}
+
+		Ok(lhs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_lambda(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let tok = try_next!(self, T::Backslash | T::Colon);
+		match tok {
+			Some(Token {
+				kind: T::Backslash,
+				span,
+				..
+			}) => {
+				let args = self.parse_ident_list()?;
+				expect!(self, T::Arrow);
+				let body = self.parse_lambda()?;
+				let body_span = body.span;
+				Ok(E::Lambda(args, b(body)).span(span + body_span))
+			}
+			Some(Token {
+				kind: T::Colon,
+				span,
+				..
+			}) => {
+				let args = vec![*SYM_DOLLAR_SIGN];
+				let body = self.parse_lambda()?;
+				let body_span = body.span;
+				Ok(E::Lambda(args, b(body)).span(span + body_span))
+			}
+			None => self.parse_precedence(0),
+			_ => unreachable!("parse_lambda: guaranteed by try_next!"),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_pipeline(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let mut lhs = self.parse_lambda()?;
+		let mut span = lhs.span;
+		while try_next!(self, T::Pipe).is_some() {
+			let rhs = self.parse_lambda()?;
+			span += rhs.span;
+			lhs = E::Pipe(b(lhs), b(rhs)).span(span);
+		}
+		Ok(lhs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_not(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		if let Some(tok) = try_next!(self, T::Not) {
+			let expr = self.parse_not()?;
+			let span = tok.span + expr.span;
+			Ok(E::UnaryOp(UnaryOp::Not, b(expr)).span(span))
+		} else {
+			self.parse_pipeline()
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let mut lhs = self.parse_not()?;
+		let mut span = lhs.span;
+		while try_next!(self, T::And).is_some() {
+			let rhs = self.parse_not()?;
+			span += rhs.span;
+			lhs = E::And(b(lhs), b(rhs)).span(span);
+		}
+		Ok(lhs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_or(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let mut lhs = self.parse_and()?;
+		let mut span = lhs.span;
+		while try_next!(self, T::Or).is_some() {
+			let rhs = self.parse_and()?;
+			span += rhs.span;
+			lhs = E::Or(b(lhs), b(rhs)).span(span);
+		}
+		Ok(lhs)
+	}
+
+	fn parse_assign(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let lhs = self.parse_or()?;
+		let lhs_span = lhs.span;
+		if let Some(op) = self.peek()?.kind.assign_op() {
+			let Some(lval) = LValue::from_expr(lhs) else {
+				throw!(lhs_span, "invalid lvalue for assingment")
+			};
+			self.next()?;
+			let rhs = self.parse_decl()?;
+			let rhs_span = rhs.span;
+			Ok(E::Assign(op, b(lval), b(rhs)).span(lhs_span + rhs_span))
+		} else {
+			Ok(lhs)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_var_decl(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let first = expect!(self, T::Var | T::Global);
+		let name = expect!(self, T::Identifier);
+		expect!(self, T::Equal);
+		let val = self.parse_decl()?;
+		let val_span = val.span;
+		let kind = if first.kind == T::Global {
+			E::AssignGlobal
+		} else {
+			E::AssignVar
+		};
+		Ok(kind(Symbol::get(name.content), b(val)).span(first.span + val_span))
+	}
+
+	fn parse_fn_decl(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let tok_fn = expect!(self, T::Fn);
+		let name = try_next!(self, T::Identifier).map(|t| Symbol::get(t.content));
+		expect!(self, T::LParen);
+		let args = self.parse_ident_list()?;
+		expect!(self, T::RParen);
+		match expect!(self, T::Do | T::Equal).kind {
+			T::Do => {
+				let content = self.parse_block()?;
+				let end = expect!(self, T::End);
+				Ok(E::FnDef(name, args, b(content)).span(tok_fn.span + end.span))
+			}
+			T::Equal => {
+				let content = self.parse_expr()?;
+				let span = tok_fn.span + content.span;
+				Ok(E::FnDef(name, args, b(content)).span(span))
+			}
+			_ => unreachable!("parse_fn_decl: guaranteed by try_next!"),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_decl(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		match self.peek()?.kind {
+			T::Var | T::Global => self.parse_var_decl(),
+			T::Fn => self.parse_fn_decl(),
+			_ => self.parse_assign(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_expr(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		if let Some(tok) = try_next!(self, T::Return) {
+			let expr = self.parse_decl()?;
+			let span = expr.span;
+			Ok(E::Return(b(expr)).span(tok.span + span))
+		} else {
+			self.parse_decl()
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn parse_block(&mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		while try_next!(self, T::LineSeparator).is_some() {}
+
+		let mut span = self.peek()?.span;
+		let mut exprs = Vec::new();
+		while self.peek()?.kind.expr_first() {
+			let expr = self.parse_expr()?;
+			span += expr.span;
+			exprs.push(expr);
+
+			if try_next!(self, T::LineSeparator).is_none() {
+				break
+			}
+			while try_next!(self, T::LineSeparator).is_some() {}
+		}
+		Ok(E::Block(exprs).span(span))
+	}
+
+	fn parse(mut self) -> Result<Expr> {
+		let block = self.parse_block()?;
+		expect!(self, T::Eof);
+		Ok(block)
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn parse(src: &str) -> Result<Expr> {
+	Parser::new(src).parse()
+}

talc-lang/src/parser/pos.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Pos {
+	pub idx: u32,
+	pub line: u32,
+	pub col: u32,
+}
+
+impl std::cmp::PartialOrd for Pos {
+	fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+		Some(self.cmp(other))
+	}
+}
+
+impl std::cmp::Ord for Pos {
+	fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+		self.idx.cmp(&other.idx)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Pos {
+	pub const fn new() -> Pos {
+		Pos {
+			idx: 0,
+			line: 1,
+			col: 1,
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[must_use]
+	pub fn advance(self, c: char) -> Pos {
+		let idx = self
+			.idx
+			.checked_add(c.len_utf8() as u32)
+			.expect("source file contains more than u32::MAX chars");
+		if c == '\n' {
+			Pos {
+				idx,
+				line: self.line + 1,
+				col: 1,
+			}
+		} else {
+			Pos {
+				idx,
+				line: self.line,
+				col: self.col + 1,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Pos {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(f, "{}:{}", self.line, self.col)
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct Span {
+	pub start: Pos,
+	pub end: Pos,
+}
+
+impl Span {
+	pub const fn new(start: Pos, end: Pos) -> Self {
+		if end.idx < start.idx {
+			Self {
+				start: end,
+				end: start,
+			}
+		} else {
+			Self { start, end }
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn of<'a>(&self, s: &'a str) -> &'a str {
+		&s[(self.start.idx as usize)..(self.end.idx as usize)]
+	}
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Add for Span {
+	type Output = Span;
+
+	fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+		let start = self.start.min(rhs.start);
+		let end = self.end.max(rhs.end);
+		Self::new(start, end)
+	}
+}
+
+impl std::ops::AddAssign for Span {
+	fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+		self.start = self.start.min(rhs.start);
+		self.end = self.end.max(rhs.end);
+	}
+}
+
+impl From<(Pos, Pos)> for Span {
+	fn from((start, end): (Pos, Pos)) -> Self {
+		Self { start, end }
+	}
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Span {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(f, "{}-{}", self.start, self.end)
+	}
+}

talc-lang/src/parser/util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+use core::fmt;
+use std::num::{ParseFloatError, ParseIntError};
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::lstring::{LStr, LString};
+
+use super::Span;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Error)]
+pub struct ParserError {
+	pub span: Span,
+	pub msg: String,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParserError {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+		write!(f, "{} | {}", self.span, self.msg)
+	}
+}
+
+pub trait SpanParserError {
+	type Output;
+	fn span_err(self, span: Span) -> Self::Output;
+}
+
+impl<T, E: std::error::Error> SpanParserError for Result<T, E> {
+	type Output = Result<T, ParserError>;
+	fn span_err(self, span: Span) -> Self::Output {
+		self.map_err(|e| ParserError {
+			span,
+			msg: e.to_string(),
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Error)]
+pub enum StrEscapeError {
+	#[error("EOF in string escape")]
+	Eof,
+	#[error("EOF in string escape \\x")]
+	HexEof,
+	#[error("EOF in string escape \\u")]
+	UnicodeEof,
+	#[error("invalid string escape \\{0}")]
+	Invalid(char),
+	#[error("invalid hex digit '{0}' in string escape")]
+	InvalidHex(char),
+	#[error("missing brace after string escape \\u")]
+	MissingBrace,
+	#[error("invalid codepoint in string escape: {0:x}")]
+	InvalidCodepoint(u32),
+	#[error("codepoint in string escape too large")]
+	CodepointTooLarge,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_str_escapes(src: &str) -> Result<LString, StrEscapeError> {
+	let mut s = LString::with_capacity(src.len());
+	let mut chars = src.chars();
+
+	while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
+		if c != '\\' {
+			s.push_char(c);
+			continue
+		}
+		let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::Eof)?;
+		match c {
+			'"' | '\'' | '\\' => s.push_char(c),
+			'0' => s.push_char('\0'),
+			'a' => s.push_char('\x07'),
+			'b' => s.push_char('\x08'),
+			't' => s.push_char('\t'),
+			'n' => s.push_char('\n'),
+			'v' => s.push_char('\x0b'),
+			'f' => s.push_char('\x0c'),
+			'r' => s.push_char('\r'),
+			'e' => s.push_char('\x1b'),
+			'x' => {
+				let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::HexEof)?;
+				let n1 = c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
+				let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::HexEof)?;
+				let n2 = c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
+				s.push_byte((n1 * 16 + n2) as u8);
+			}
+			'u' => {
+				let Some('{') = chars.next() else {
+					return Err(StrEscapeError::MissingBrace)
+				};
+				let mut n = 0_u32;
+				loop {
+					let Some(c) = chars.next() else {
+						return Err(StrEscapeError::UnicodeEof)
+					};
+					if c == '}' {
+						break
+					}
+					if n > 0x10ffff {
+						return Err(StrEscapeError::CodepointTooLarge)
+					}
+					n = n * 16 + c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
+				}
+				let ch = char::from_u32(n).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidCodepoint(n))?;
+				s.push_char(ch);
+			}
+			c => return Err(StrEscapeError::Invalid(c)),
+		}
+	}
+
+	Ok(s)
+}
+
+pub fn parse_float<'a, S: Into<&'a LStr>>(f: S) -> Result<f64, ParseFloatError> {
+	let mut s = String::new();
+	for c in f.into().chars() {
+		if c != '_' {
+			s.push(c);
+		}
+	}
+	s.parse()
+}
+
+pub fn parse_int<'a, S: Into<&'a LStr>>(f: S, radix: u32) -> Result<i64, ParseIntError> {
+	let mut s = String::new();
+	for c in f.into().chars() {
+		if c != '_' {
+			s.push(c);
+		}
+	}
+	i64::from_str_radix(&s, radix)
+}
+
+pub fn parse_int_literal<'a, S: Into<&'a LStr>>(f: S) -> Result<i64, ParseIntError> {
+	let f = f.into();
+	match f.chars().nth(2) {
+		Some('x') => parse_int(&f[2..], 16),
+		Some('o') => parse_int(&f[2..], 8),
+		Some('s') => parse_int(&f[2..], 6),
+		Some('b') => parse_int(&f[2..], 2),
+		_ => parse_int(f, 10),
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn to_lstring_radix(n: i64, radix: u32, upper: bool) -> LString {
+	let mut result = vec![];
+	let mut begin = 0;
+
+	let mut x;
+	if n < 0 {
+		result.push('-' as u32 as u8);
+		begin = 1;
+		x = (-n) as u64;
+	} else {
+		x = n as u64;
+	}
+
+	loop {
+		let m = x % (radix as u64);
+		x /= radix as u64;
+
+		let mut c = char::from_digit(m as u32, radix).unwrap();
+		if upper {
+			c.make_ascii_uppercase();
+		}
+		result.push(c as u8);
+		if x == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	result[begin..].reverse();
+	LString::from(result)
+}

talc-lang/src/parser_util.rs

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-use std::num::{ParseIntError, ParseFloatError};
-
-use thiserror::Error;
-
-use crate::lstring::{LStr, LString};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Error)]
-pub enum ParseError {
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	StrEscape(#[from] StrEscapeError),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Integer(#[from] ParseIntError),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Float(#[from] ParseFloatError),
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Error)]
-pub enum StrEscapeError {
-	#[error("EOF in string escape")]
-	Eof,
-	#[error("EOF in string escape \\x")]
-	HexEof,
-	#[error("EOF in string escape \\u")]
-	UnicodeEof,
-	#[error("Invalid string escape \\{0}")]
-	Invalid(char),
-	#[error("Invalid hex digit '{0}' in string escape")]
-	InvalidHex(char),
-	#[error("Missing brace after string escape \\u")]
-	MissingBrace,
-	#[error("Invalid codepoint in string escape: {0:x}")]
-	InvalidCodepoint(u32),
-	#[error("Codepoint in string escape too large")]
-	CodepointTooLarge,
-}
-
-pub fn parse_str_escapes(src: &str) -> Result<LString, StrEscapeError> {
-	let mut s = LString::with_capacity(src.len());
-	let mut chars = src.chars();
-
-	while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
-		if c != '\\' { s.push_char(c); continue }
-		let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::Eof)?;
-		match c {
-			'"' | '\'' | '\\' => s.push_char(c),
-			'0'  => s.push_char('\0'),
-			'a'  => s.push_char('\x07'),
-			'b'  => s.push_char('\x08'),
-			't'  => s.push_char('\t'),
-			'n'  => s.push_char('\n'),
-			'v'  => s.push_char('\x0b'),
-			'f'  => s.push_char('\x0c'),
-			'r'  => s.push_char('\r'),
-			'e'  => s.push_char('\x1b'),
-			'x' => {
-				let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::HexEof)?;
-				let n1 = c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
-				let c = chars.next().ok_or(StrEscapeError::HexEof)?;
-				let n2 = c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
-				s.push_byte((n1 * 16 + n2) as u8);
-			},
-			'u' => {
-				let Some('{') = chars.next() else {
-					return Err(StrEscapeError::MissingBrace)
-				};
-				let mut n = 0u32;
-				loop {
-					let Some(c) = chars.next() else {
-						return Err(StrEscapeError::UnicodeEof)
-					};
-					if c == '}' { break }
-					if n >= 0x1000_0000u32 {
-						return Err(StrEscapeError::CodepointTooLarge)
-					}
-					n = n * 16 + c.to_digit(16).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidHex(c))?;
-				}
-				let ch = char::from_u32(n).ok_or(StrEscapeError::InvalidCodepoint(n))?;
-				s.push_char(ch);
-
-			},
-			c => return Err(StrEscapeError::Invalid(c)),
-		}
-	}
-
-	Ok(s)
-}
-
-pub fn parse_float<'a, S: Into<&'a LStr>>(f: S) -> Result<f64, ParseFloatError> {
-	let mut s = String::new();
-	for c in f.into().chars() {
-		if c != '_' {
-			s.push(c);
-		}
-	}
-	s.parse()
-}
-
-pub fn parse_int<'a, S: Into<&'a LStr>>(f: S, radix: u32) -> Result<i64, ParseIntError> {
-	let mut s = String::new();
-	for c in f.into().chars() {
-		if c != '_' {
-			s.push(c);
-		}
-	}
-	i64::from_str_radix(&s, radix)
-}

talc-lang/src/symbol.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::{Mutex, OnceLock}};
+use std::{
+	collections::HashMap,
+	sync::{Mutex, OnceLock},
+};
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct SymbolTable {
 	names: Vec<&'static LStr>,
-	values: HashMap<&'static LStr, Symbol>
+	values: HashMap<&'static LStr, Symbol>,
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
+	pub static ref SYM_SELF: Symbol = symbol!(self);
+	pub static ref SYM_DOLLAR_SIGN: Symbol = symbol!("$");
 	pub static ref SYM_NIL: Symbol = symbol!(nil);
 	pub static ref SYM_BOOL: Symbol = symbol!(bool);
 	pub static ref SYM_SYMBOL: Symbol = symbol!(symbol);
@@ -23,14 +28,12 @@ lazy_static! {
 	pub static ref SYM_TABLE: Symbol = symbol!(table);
 	pub static ref SYM_FUNCTION: Symbol = symbol!(function);
 	pub static ref SYM_NATIVE_FUNC: Symbol = symbol!(native_func);
-
 	pub static ref SYM_END_ITERATION: Symbol = symbol!(end_iteration);
-
 	pub static ref SYM_TYPE: Symbol = symbol!(type);
 	pub static ref SYM_MSG: Symbol = symbol!(msg);
 	pub static ref SYM_DATA: Symbol = symbol!(data);
-
 	pub static ref SYM_TYPE_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(type_error);
+	pub static ref SYM_VALUE_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(value_error);
 	pub static ref SYM_NAME_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(name_error);
 	pub static ref SYM_INDEX_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(index_error);
 	pub static ref SYM_HASH_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(hash_error);
@@ -106,7 +109,11 @@ impl Symbol {
 	/// If the mutex storing the symbol table is poisoned
 	pub fn name(self) -> &'static LStr {
 		let table = get_table().lock().expect("couldn't lock symbol table");
-		table.names.get(self.0 as usize).copied().expect("symbol does not exist")
+		table
+			.names
+			.get(self.0 as usize)
+			.copied()
+			.expect("symbol does not exist")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -123,4 +130,3 @@ macro_rules! symbol {
 pub use symbol;
 
 use crate::lstring::{LStr, LString};
-

talc-lang/src/value/function.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,35 @@
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 
-use crate::{chunk::Chunk, Vm, exception::Result};
+use crate::{chunk::Chunk, exception::Result, symbol::Symbol, Vm};
 
-use super::Value;
+use super::{CellValue, Value};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct FuncAttrs {
 	pub arity: usize,
-	pub variadic: bool,
+	pub name: Option<Symbol>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Function {
 	pub attrs: FuncAttrs,
 	pub chunk: Rc<Chunk>,
+	pub state: Box<[CellValue]>,
 }
 
 impl Function {
-	pub fn new(chunk: Rc<Chunk>, arity: usize) -> Self {
-		Self { chunk, attrs: FuncAttrs { arity, variadic: false } }
+	pub fn new(chunk: Rc<Chunk>, attrs: FuncAttrs, closes: usize) -> Self {
+		let v = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Value::Nil));
+		let state = std::iter::repeat(v).take(closes).collect();
+		Self::from_parts(chunk, attrs, state)
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_parts(chunk: Rc<Chunk>, attrs: FuncAttrs, state: Box<[CellValue]>) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			chunk,
+			attrs,
+			state,
 		}
-	pub fn new_variadic(chunk: Rc<Chunk>, arity: usize) -> Self {
-		Self { chunk, attrs: FuncAttrs { arity, variadic: true } }
 	}
 }
 
@@ -33,11 +41,21 @@ pub struct NativeFunc {
 }
 
 impl NativeFunc {
-	pub fn new(func: FnNative, arity: usize) -> Self {
-		Self { func, attrs: FuncAttrs { arity, variadic: false } }
+	pub fn new(func: FnNative, arity: usize, name: Symbol) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			func,
+			attrs: FuncAttrs {
+				arity,
+				name: Some(name),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn new_anon(func: FnNative, arity: usize) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			func,
+			attrs: FuncAttrs { arity, name: None },
 		}
-	pub fn new_variadic(func: FnNative, arity: usize) -> Self {
-		Self { func, attrs: FuncAttrs { arity, variadic: true } }
 	}
 }
 
@@ -49,11 +67,11 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for NativeFunc {
 	}
 }
 
-pub fn disasm_recursive(f: &Rc<Function>, w: &mut impl std::io::Write) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-	writeln!(w, "{} ({}{})",
-			Value::Function(f.clone()),
-			f.attrs.arity,
-			if f.attrs.variadic { ".." } else { "" })?;
+pub fn disasm_recursive(
+	f: &Rc<Function>,
+	w: &mut impl std::io::Write,
+) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+	writeln!(w, "{} ({})", Value::Function(f.clone()), f.attrs.arity)?;
 	if !f.chunk.consts.is_empty() {
 		writeln!(w, "constants")?;
 		for (i, c) in f.chunk.consts.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -74,7 +92,9 @@ pub fn disasm_recursive(f: &Rc<Function>, w: &mut impl std::io::Write) -> std::i
 				if let Some(types) = &catch.types {
 					write!(w, "{:04} [", catch.addr)?;
 					for (i, ty) in types.iter().enumerate() {
-						if i != 0 { write!(w, ", ")?; }
+						if i != 0 {
+							write!(w, ", ")?;
+						}
 						write!(w, "{}", ty.name())?;
 					}
 					writeln!(w, "]")?;
@@ -97,4 +117,3 @@ pub fn disasm_recursive(f: &Rc<Function>, w: &mut impl std::io::Write) -> std::i
 	}
 	Ok(())
 }
-

talc-lang/src/value/index.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-use crate::{symbol::{SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_INDEX_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, value::function::NativeFunc, vmcalliter, Vm, exception::{Result, throw}};
+use crate::{
+	exception::{throw, Result},
+	symbol::{symbol, SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_INDEX_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR},
+	value::function::NativeFunc,
+	vmcalliter, Vm,
+};
 
-use super::{Value, range::RangeType};
+use super::{range::RangeType, Value};
 
 impl Value {
 	pub fn index(&self, idx: Self) -> Result<Self> {
@@ -11,73 +16,96 @@ impl Value {
 				if i >= 0 && (i as usize) < l.len() {
 					Ok(l[i as usize].clone())
 				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}", l.len())
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+						"index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+						l.len()
+					)
+				}
 			}
-			},
 			(V::Range(r), V::Int(i)) => {
-				if i >= 0 && (
-					r.ty == RangeType::Endless
-					|| i < r.stop
-					|| (r.ty == RangeType::Closed && i == r.stop)
-				) {
+				if i >= 0
+					&& (r.ty == RangeType::Endless
+						|| i < r.stop || (r.ty == RangeType::Closed && i == r.stop))
+				{
 					Ok((r.start + i).into())
 				} else {
 					throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "index {i} out of bounds for range {self}")
 				}
-			},
+			}
 			(V::Table(t), i) if i.hashable() => {
 				let t = t.borrow();
 				let i = i.try_into()?;
 				Ok(t.get(&i).cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Nil))
-			},
+			}
 			(V::String(s), V::Range(r)) => {
 				let slen = s.len();
 				match r.ty {
 					RangeType::Open => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}", r.stop, slen)
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								slen
+							)
 						}
 						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}", r.stop, slen)
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								slen
+							)
 						}
 						Ok(s[r.start as usize..r.stop as usize].into())
-					},
+					}
 					RangeType::Closed => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}", r.stop, slen)
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								slen
+							)
 						}
 						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop >= slen as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}", r.stop, slen)
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								slen
+							)
 						}
 						Ok(s[r.start as usize..=r.stop as usize].into())
-					},
+					}
 					RangeType::Endless => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > slen as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}", r.stop, slen)
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for string of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								slen
+							)
 						}
 						Ok(s[r.start as usize..].into())
-					},
 					}
-			},
-			(col, idx) => if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
+				}
+			}
+			(col, idx) => {
+				if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
 					let col = col.clone();
-				let func = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
-					match vmcalliter!(vm; ii.clone())? {
+					let func = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| match vmcalliter!(vm; ii.clone())? {
 						Some(i) => col.index(i),
 						None => Ok(Value::from(*SYM_END_ITERATION)),
-					}
 					};
-				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(func), 0).into())
+					Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(func), 0, symbol!("index...")).into())
 				} else {
 					throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot index {col:#} with {idx:#}")
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	}
 
 	pub fn store_index(&self, vm: &mut Vm, idx: Self, val: Self) -> Result<()> {
 		use Value as V;
@@ -88,15 +116,19 @@ impl Value {
 					l[i as usize] = val;
 					Ok(())
 				} else {
-					throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}", l.len())
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+						"index {i} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+						l.len()
+					)
+				}
 			}
-			},
 			(V::Table(t), i) if i.hashable() => {
 				let mut t = t.borrow_mut();
 				let i = i.try_into()?;
 				t.insert(i, val);
 				Ok(())
-			},
+			}
 			(V::List(t), V::Range(r)) => {
 				let iter = val.to_iter_function()?;
 				let mut vals = Vec::new();
@@ -107,53 +139,78 @@ impl Value {
 				match r.ty {
 					RangeType::Open => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}", r.stop, tm.len())
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								tm.len()
+							)
 						}
 						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}", r.stop, tm.len())
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								tm.len()
+							)
 						}
 						let end = tm.split_off(r.stop as usize);
 						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
 						tm.extend(vals.into_iter().chain(end));
-					},
+					}
 					RangeType::Closed => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}", r.stop, tm.len())
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								tm.len()
+							)
 						}
 						if r.stop < 0 || r.stop >= tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}", r.stop, tm.len())
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								tm.len()
+							)
 						}
 						let end = tm.split_off(r.stop as usize + 1);
 						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
 						tm.extend(vals.into_iter().chain(end));
-					},
+					}
 					RangeType::Endless => {
 						if r.start < 0 || r.start > tm.len() as i64 {
-							throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
-								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}", r.stop, tm.len())
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"index {} out of bounds for list of length {}",
+								r.stop,
+								tm.len()
+							)
 						}
 						tm.truncate(r.start as usize);
 						tm.extend(vals);
-					},
+					}
 				}
 				Ok(())
-			},
-			(col, idx) => if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
+			}
+			(col, idx) => {
+				if let Ok(ii) = idx.clone().to_iter_function() {
 					let val = val.to_iter_function()?;
 					while let Some(i) = vmcalliter!(vm; ii.clone())? {
 						let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; val.clone())? else {
-						throw!(*SYM_INDEX_ERROR, "not enough values provided for store index")
+							throw!(
+								*SYM_INDEX_ERROR,
+								"not enough values provided for store index"
+							)
 						};
 						col.store_index(vm, i, v)?;
 					}
 					Ok(())
 				} else {
 					throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot index {self:#} with {idx:#}")
-			},
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }

talc-lang/src/value/mod.rs

@@ -7,19 +7,23 @@ pub use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_complex::ComplexFloat;
 pub use num_rational::Rational64;
 
+use crate::exception::{throw, Exception};
 use crate::lstring::{LStr, LString};
 use crate::symbol::{Symbol, SYM_HASH_ERROR};
-use crate::exception::{Exception, throw};
 
-use self::{range::{Range, RangeType}, function::{Function, NativeFunc}};
+use self::{
+	function::{Function, NativeFunc},
+	range::{Range, RangeType},
+};
 
 pub mod function;
+pub mod index;
 pub mod ops;
 pub mod range;
-pub mod index;
 
 type RcList = Rc<RefCell<Vec<Value>>>;
 type RcTable = Rc<RefCell<HashMap<HashValue, Value>>>;
+pub type CellValue = Rc<RefCell<Value>>;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub enum Value {
@@ -48,7 +52,12 @@ pub trait NativeValue: std::fmt::Debug + Any {
 	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol;
 	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
 
-	fn to_lstring(&self, w: &mut LString, _repr: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+	fn to_lstring(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		_repr: bool,
+		_recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> io::Result<()> {
 		w.extend(b"<native value>");
 		Ok(())
 	}
@@ -62,7 +71,11 @@ pub trait NativeValue: std::fmt::Debug + Any {
 
 impl Display for Value {
 	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-		let s = if f.alternate() { Cow::Owned(self.repr()) } else { self.str() };
+		let s = if f.alternate() {
+			Cow::Owned(self.repr())
+		} else {
+			self.str()
+		};
 		write!(f, "{s}")
 	}
 }
@@ -80,7 +93,12 @@ impl Value {
 		table.into()
 	}
 
-	pub fn write_to_lstring(&self, w: &mut LString, repr: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+	pub fn write_to_lstring(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		repr: bool,
+		recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> io::Result<()> {
 		use std::io::Write;
 		match self {
 			Self::Nil => write!(w, "nil"),
@@ -94,7 +112,7 @@ impl Value {
 					write!(w, "{name:?}")?;
 				}
 				Ok(())
-			},
+			}
 			Self::Range(r) => match r.ty {
 				RangeType::Open => write!(w, "{}..{}", r.start, r.stop),
 				RangeType::Closed => write!(w, "{}..={}", r.start, r.stop),
@@ -109,64 +127,122 @@ impl Value {
 					w.push_byte(b'+');
 				}
 				write!(w, "{:?}i", z.im())
-			},
+			}
 			Self::Cell(v) if repr => {
+				if recur.contains(&(v.as_ptr() as _)) {
+					return w.write_all(b"cell(...)")
+				}
 				w.write_all(b"cell(")?;
-				v.borrow().write_to_lstring(w, repr)?;
+				recur.push(v.as_ptr() as _);
+				v.borrow().write_to_lstring(w, repr, recur)?;
+				recur.pop();
 				w.write_all(b")")
-			},
-			Self::Cell(v) => v.borrow().write_to_lstring(w, false),
-
+			}
+			Self::Cell(v) => {
+				if recur.contains(&(v.as_ptr() as _)) {
+					return w.write_all(b"cell(...)")
+				}
+				recur.push(v.as_ptr() as _);
+				v.borrow().write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)?;
+				recur.pop();
+				Ok(())
+			}
 			Self::String(s) if repr => write!(w, "{s:?}"),
 			Self::String(s) => w.write_all(s.as_bytes()),
 
 			Self::List(l) => {
+				if recur.contains(&(l.as_ptr() as _)) {
+					return w.write_all(b"[...]")
+				}
 				w.write_all(b"[")?;
+				recur.push(l.as_ptr() as _);
 				for (i, item) in l.borrow().iter().enumerate() {
 					if i != 0 {
 						w.write_all(b", ")?;
 					}
-					item.write_to_lstring(w, true)?;
+					item.write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)?;
 				}
+				recur.pop();
 				w.write_all(b"]")
-			},
+			}
 			Self::Table(t) => {
+				if recur.contains(&(t.as_ptr() as _)) {
+					return w.write_all(b"{...}")
+				}
 				w.write_all(b"{ ")?;
+				recur.push(t.as_ptr() as _);
 				for (i, (k, v)) in t.borrow().iter().enumerate() {
 					if i != 0 {
 						w.write_all(b", ")?;
 					}
-					k.0.write_table_key_repr(w)?;
+					k.0.write_table_key_repr(w, recur)?;
 					w.write_all(b" = ")?;
-					v.write_to_lstring(w, true)?;
+					v.write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)?;
 				}
+				recur.pop();
 				w.write_all(b" }")
-			},
-			Self::Function(g)
-				=> write!(w, "<function {:?}>", Rc::as_ptr(g)),
-			Self::NativeFunc(g)
-				=> write!(w, "<native function {:?}>", Rc::as_ptr(g)),
-			Self::Native(n) => n.to_lstring(w, repr),
+			}
+			Self::Function(g) => {
+				if let Some(name) = g.attrs.name {
+					write!(
+						w,
+						"<function {}({}) @{:0>12x}>",
+						name.name(),
+						g.attrs.arity,
+						Rc::as_ptr(g) as usize
+					)
+				} else {
+					write!(
+						w,
+						"<anon function({}) @{:0>12x}>",
+						g.attrs.arity,
+						Rc::as_ptr(g) as usize
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			Self::NativeFunc(g) => {
+				if let Some(name) = g.attrs.name {
+					write!(
+						w,
+						"<native function {}({}) @{:0>12x}>",
+						name.name(),
+						g.attrs.arity,
+						Rc::as_ptr(g) as usize
+					)
+				} else {
+					write!(
+						w,
+						"<anon native function({}) @{:0>12x}>",
+						g.attrs.arity,
+						Rc::as_ptr(g) as usize
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			Self::Native(n) => n.to_lstring(w, repr, recur),
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn write_table_key_repr(&self, w: &mut LString) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+	fn write_table_key_repr(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> std::io::Result<()> {
 		match self {
-			Self::Nil | Self::Bool(_)
-				| Self::Int(_) | Self::String(_)
-				=> self.write_to_lstring(w, true),
+			Self::Nil | Self::Bool(_) | Self::Int(_) | Self::String(_) => {
+				self.write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)
+			}
 			Self::Symbol(s) => {
 				let name = s.name();
 				if name.is_identifier() {
 					w.push_lstr(name);
 					Ok(())
 				} else {
-					self.write_to_lstring(w, true)
+					self.write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)
+				}
 			}
-			},
 			_ => {
 				w.push_byte(b'(');
-				self.write_to_lstring(w, true)?;
+				self.write_to_lstring(w, true, recur)?;
 				w.push_byte(b')');
 				Ok(())
 			}
@@ -178,14 +254,18 @@ impl Value {
 			Cow::Borrowed(s)
 		} else {
 			let mut s = LString::new();
-			self.write_to_lstring(&mut s, false).expect("write_to_lstring failed");
+			let mut recur = Vec::new();
+			self.write_to_lstring(&mut s, false, &mut recur)
+				.expect("write_to_lstring failed");
 			Cow::Owned(s)
 		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn repr(&self) -> LString {
 		let mut s = LString::new();
-		self.write_to_lstring(&mut s, true).expect("write_to_lstring failed");
+		let mut recur = Vec::new();
+		self.write_to_lstring(&mut s, true, &mut recur)
+			.expect("write_to_lstring failed");
 		s
 	}
 
@@ -213,15 +293,19 @@ impl Value {
 	pub fn hashable(&self) -> bool {
 		matches!(
 			self,
-			Value::Nil | Value::Bool(_) | Value::Symbol(_)
-			| Value::Int(_) | Value::Ratio(_) | Value::String(_)
+			Value::Nil
+				| Value::Bool(_)
+				| Value::Symbol(_)
+				| Value::Int(_)
+				| Value::Ratio(_)
+				| Value::String(_)
 		)
 	}
 
 	pub fn downcast_native<T: NativeValue>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
 		match self {
 			Value::Native(n) => n.as_any().downcast_ref(),
-			_ => None
+			_ => None,
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -242,8 +326,12 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for HashValue {
 }
 
 impl HashValue {
-	pub fn into_inner(self) -> Value { self.0 }
-	pub fn inner(&self) -> &Value { &self.0 }
+	pub fn into_inner(self) -> Value {
+		self.0
+	}
+	pub fn inner(&self) -> &Value {
+		&self.0
+	}
 }
 
 impl Hash for HashValue {
@@ -264,39 +352,57 @@ impl Hash for HashValue {
 macro_rules! impl_from {
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self::$var(value) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value)
+			}
 		}
 	};
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident, hash) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self::$var(value) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value)
+			}
 		}
 		impl From<$ty> for HashValue {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self(Value::$var(value)) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self(Value::$var(value))
+			}
 		}
 	};
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident, rc) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self::$var(Rc::new(value)) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(Rc::new(value))
+			}
 		}
 		impl From<Rc<$ty>> for Value {
-			fn from(value: Rc<$ty>) -> Self { Self::$var(value) }
+			fn from(value: Rc<$ty>) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value)
+			}
 		}
 	};
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident, rcref) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self::$var(Rc::new(RefCell::new(value))) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(Rc::new(RefCell::new(value)))
+			}
 		}
 		impl From<RefCell<$ty>> for Value {
-			fn from(value: RefCell<$ty>) -> Self { Self::$var(Rc::new(value)) }
+			fn from(value: RefCell<$ty>) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(Rc::new(value))
+			}
 		}
 		impl From<Rc<RefCell<$ty>>> for Value {
-			fn from(value: Rc<RefCell<$ty>>) -> Self { Self::$var(value) }
+			fn from(value: Rc<RefCell<$ty>>) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value)
+			}
 		}
 	};
 	($ty:ty, $var:ident, into) => {
 		impl From<$ty> for Value {
-			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self { Self::$var(value.into()) }
+			fn from(value: $ty) -> Self {
+				Self::$var(value.into())
+			}
 		}
 	};
 }

talc-lang/src/value/ops.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
-use std::{cell::RefCell, cmp::Ordering, ops::{Add, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor, Div, Mul, Neg, Shl, Shr, Sub}, rc::Rc};
+use std::{
+	cell::RefCell,
+	cmp::Ordering,
+	ops::{Add, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor, Div, Mul, Neg, Shl, Shr, Sub},
+	rc::Rc,
+};
 
-use num_complex::Complex64;
+use num_complex::{Complex64, ComplexFloat};
 use num_rational::Rational64;
+use num_traits::{CheckedAdd, CheckedDiv, CheckedMul, CheckedSub, Signed, Zero};
 
-use crate::{exception::{throw, Result}, lstring::LString, symbol::{SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, value::range::RangeType, Vm};
+use crate::{
+	exception::{throw, Result},
+	lstring::LString,
+	symbol::{symbol, SYM_END_ITERATION, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	value::range::RangeType,
+	Vm,
+};
 
-use super::{function::{FuncAttrs, NativeFunc}, range::Range, HashValue, Value};
+use super::{
+	function::{FuncAttrs, NativeFunc},
+	range::Range,
+	HashValue, Value,
+};
 
 pub trait RatioExt {
 	fn to_f64(&self) -> f64;
@@ -31,14 +47,15 @@ impl Value {
 			Value::List(l) => l.borrow().len() > 0,
 			Value::Cell(v) => v.borrow().truthy(),
 
-			Value::Symbol(_) | Value::Table(_)
-				| Value::Function(_) | Value::NativeFunc(_)
+			Value::Symbol(_)
+			| Value::Table(_)
+			| Value::Function(_)
+			| Value::NativeFunc(_)
 			| Value::Native(_) => true,
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 pub fn promote(a: Value, b: Value) -> (Value, Value) {
 	use Value as V;
 	match (&a, &b) {
@@ -58,145 +75,313 @@ pub fn promote(a: Value, b: Value) -> (Value, Value) {
 	}
 }
 
+////////////////////////
+//  unary arithmetic  //
+////////////////////////
 
 impl Neg for Value {
 	type Output = Result<Self>;
 	fn neg(self) -> Self::Output {
 		use Value as V;
 		match self {
-			V::Int(x) => Ok(V::Int(-x)),
-			V::Ratio(x) => Ok(V::Ratio(-x)),
+			V::Int(x) => {
+				if let Some(x) = x.checked_neg() {
+					Ok(V::Int(x))
+				} else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when negating {self}")
+				}
+			}
+			V::Ratio(x) => {
+				if let Some(x) = Rational64::ZERO.checked_sub(&x) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(x))
+				} else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when negating {self}")
+				}
+			}
 			V::Float(x) => Ok(V::Float(-x)),
 			V::Complex(x) => Ok(V::Complex(-x)),
-			a => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot negate {a:#}")
+			a => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot negate {a:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-impl Add<Value> for Value {
-	type Output = Result<Self>;
-	fn add(self, rhs: Value) -> Self::Output {
+impl Value {
+	pub fn abs(self) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x + y)),
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x + y)),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x + y)),
-			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x + y)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot add {l:#} and {r:#}")
+		match self {
+			V::Int(x) => {
+				if let Some(x) = x.checked_abs() {
+					Ok(V::Int(x))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when finding absolute value of {self}"
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			V::Ratio(x) => {
+				if let Some((x, _)) = ratio_checked_absign(&x) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(x))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when finding absolute value of {self}"
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			V::Float(x) => Ok(V::Float(x.abs())),
+			V::Complex(x) => Ok(V::Float(x.norm())),
+			a => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot negate {a:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-impl Sub<Value> for Value {
+/////////////////////////
+//  binary arithmetic  //
+/////////////////////////
+
+macro_rules! impl_value_arith {
+    ($trait:ident, $name:ident, $checked:ident, $op:tt, $verb:literal) => {
+
+        impl $trait<Value> for Value {
             type Output = Result<Self>;
-	fn sub(self, rhs: Value) -> Self::Output {
+            fn $name(self, rhs: Value) -> Self::Output {
                 use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x - y)),
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x - y)),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x - y)),
-			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x - y)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot subtract {l:#} and {r:#}")
+                let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
+                match (&a, &b) {
+                    (V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => if let Some(v) = x.$checked(y) {
+                        Ok(V::Int(v))
+                    } else {
+                        throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, concat!("overflow when ", $verb, "ing {} and {}"), a, b)
+                    },
+                    (V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => if let Some(v) = x.$checked(y) {
+                        Ok(V::Ratio(v))
+                    } else {
+                        throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, concat!("overflow when ", $verb, "ing {} and {}"), a, b)
+                    },
+                    (V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x $op y)),
+                    (V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x $op y)),
+                    (l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, concat!("cannot ", $verb, " {:#} and {:#}"), l, r)
                 }
             }
         }
 
-impl Mul<Value> for Value {
-	type Output = Result<Self>;
-	fn mul(self, rhs: Value) -> Self::Output {
-		use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x * y)),
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x * y)),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x * y)),
-			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x * y)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot multiply {l:#} and {r:#}")
-		}
-	}
+    };
 }
 
+impl_value_arith!(Add, add, checked_add, +, "add");
+impl_value_arith!(Sub, sub, checked_sub, -, "subtract");
+impl_value_arith!(Mul, mul, checked_mul, *, "multiply");
+
 impl Div<Value> for Value {
 	type Output = Result<Self>;
 	fn div(self, rhs: Value) -> Self::Output {
 		use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(_, V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "integer division by 0"),
-			(_, V::Ratio(r)) if *r.numer() == 0 && *r.denom() != 0
-				=> throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "integer division by 0"),
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(Rational64::new(x, y))),
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(x / y)),
+		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
+		match (&a, &b) {
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer division by 0"),
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(Value::Ratio((*x, *y).into())),
+			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(r)) if r.is_zero() => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational division by 0")
+			}
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = x.checked_div(y) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when dividing {a} and {b}")
+				}
+			}
 			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x / y)),
 			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x / y)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot divide {l:#} and {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot divide {l:#} and {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-fn ipow(n: i64, p: u64) -> Result<i64> {
-	match (n, p) {
-		(0, 0) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "integer 0 raised to power 0"),
-		(0, _) => Ok(0),
-		(_, 0) => Ok(1),
-		(n, p) if p > u32::MAX as u64 => {
-			let (lo, hi) = (p as u32, (p >> 32) as u32);
-			let (a, b) = (n.pow(lo), n.pow(hi));
-			Ok(a * b.pow(0x1_0000).pow(0x1_0000))
-		}
-		(n, p) => Ok(n.pow(p as u32)),
-	}
+///////////////////////////////////
+//  modulo and integer division  //
+///////////////////////////////////
+
+#[inline]
+fn ratio_checked_absign(r: &Rational64) -> Option<(Rational64, Rational64)> {
+	let a = if r.is_negative() {
+		Rational64::ZERO.checked_sub(r)?
+	} else {
+		*r
+	};
+	Some((a, r.signum()))
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-fn rpow(n: i64, d: i64, p: i64) -> Result<(i64, i64)> {
-	Ok(match p {
-		0.. => (ipow(n, p as u64)?, ipow(d, p as u64)?),
-		_ => (ipow(d, (-p) as u64)?, ipow(n, (-p) as u64)?),
-	})
+#[inline]
+fn ratio_checked_div_euclid(r1: &Rational64, r2: &Rational64) -> Option<Rational64> {
+	let (r2_abs, r2_sgn) = ratio_checked_absign(r2)?;
+	Some(r1.checked_div(&r2_abs)?.floor() * r2_sgn)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn ratio_checked_rem_euclid(r1: &Rational64, r2: &Rational64) -> Option<Rational64> {
+	let q = ratio_checked_div_euclid(r1, r2)?;
+	r1.checked_sub(&r2.checked_mul(&q)?)
 }
 
 impl Value {
 	pub fn modulo(self, rhs: Value) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x.rem_euclid(y))),
-			(V::Ratio(_x), V::Ratio(_y)) => todo!("ratio modulo"),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.rem_euclid(y))),
-			(V::Complex(_x), V::Complex(_y)) => todo!("complex modulo"),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot modulo {l:#} and {r:#}")
+		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
+		match (&a, &b) {
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer modulo by 0"),
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = x.checked_rem_euclid(*y) {
+					Ok(V::Int(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when calculating {a} modulo {b}")
+				}
+			}
+
+			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational modulo by 0")
+			}
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = ratio_checked_rem_euclid(x, y) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "overflow when calculating {a} modulo {b}")
+				}
+			}
+
+			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.rem_euclid(*y))),
+			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => {
+				let n = x / y;
+				let n = Complex64::new(n.re().floor(), n.im().floor());
+				Ok(Value::Complex(x - n * y))
+			}
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot modulo {l:#} and {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn int_div(self, rhs: Value) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Int(x.div_euclid(y))),
-			(V::Ratio(_x), V::Ratio(_y)) => todo!("ratio integer division"),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.div_euclid(y))),
-			(V::Complex(_x), V::Complex(_y)) => todo!("complex integer division"),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot integer divide {l:#} and {r:#}")
+		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
+		match (&a, &b) {
+			(V::Int(_), V::Int(0)) => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer divsion by 0"),
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = x.checked_div_euclid(*y) {
+					Ok(V::Int(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when integer dividing {a} and {b}"
+					)
 				}
 			}
 
+			(V::Ratio(_), V::Ratio(y)) if y.is_zero() => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer division by 0")
+			}
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = ratio_checked_div_euclid(x, y) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when integer dividing {a} and {b}"
+					)
+				}
+			}
+
+			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.div_euclid(*y))),
+			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => {
+				let n = x / y;
+				Ok(V::from(Complex64::new(n.re().floor(), n.im().floor())))
+			}
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot integer divide {l:#} and {r:#}"),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+//////////////////////
+//  exponentiation  //
+//////////////////////
+
+#[inline]
+fn ipow(n: i64, p: u64) -> Option<i64> {
+	match (n, p) {
+		(0, 0) => None,
+		(0, _) => Some(0),
+		(_, 0) => Some(1),
+		(1, _) => Some(1),
+		(-1, p) => (-1_i64).checked_pow((p % 2) as u32),
+		(_, p) if p > u32::MAX as u64 => None,
+		(n, p) => n.checked_pow(p as u32),
+	}
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn rpow(n: i64, d: i64, p: i64) -> Option<(i64, i64)> {
+	match p {
+		i64::MIN => match (n, d) {
+			(0, _) => Some((0, 1)),
+			(1, 1) => Some((1, 1)),
+			(-1, 1) => Some((-1, 1)),
+			_ => None,
+		},
+		0.. => Some((ipow(n, p as u64)?, ipow(d, p as u64)?)),
+		_ => Some((ipow(d, (-p) as u64)?, ipow(n, (-p) as u64)?)),
+	}
+}
+
+impl Value {
 	pub fn pow(self, rhs: Value) -> Result<Self> {
 		use Value as V;
 		if let (V::Ratio(x), V::Int(y)) = (&self, &rhs) {
-			return Ok(V::Ratio(rpow(*(*x).numer(), *(*x).denom(), *y)?.into()));
+			if x.is_zero() && *y == 0 {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rational zero to integer zero power")
 			}
-		match promote(self, rhs) {
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) if y >= 0 => Ok(V::Int(ipow(x, y as u64)?)),
-			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => Ok(V::Ratio(rpow(x, 1, y)?.into())),
-			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y))
-				=> Ok(V::Float(x.powf(y))),
-			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y))
-				=> Ok(V::Float(x.to_f64().powf(y.to_f64()))),
-			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y))
-				=> Ok(V::Complex(x.powc(y))),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot exponentiate {l:#} and {r:#}")
+			let Some(v) = rpow(*(*x).numer(), *(*x).denom(), *y) else {
+				throw!(
+					*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+					"overflow when raising {self} to the power {rhs}"
+				)
+			};
+			return Ok(V::Ratio(v.into()))
+		}
+		let (a, b) = promote(self, rhs);
+		match (&a, &b) {
+			(V::Int(0), V::Int(0)) => {
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "integer zero to integer zero power")
+			}
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y @ 0..)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = ipow(*x, *y as u64) {
+					Ok(V::Int(v))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when raising {a} to the power {b}"
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			(V::Int(x), V::Int(y)) => {
+				if let Some(v) = rpow(*x, 1, *y) {
+					Ok(V::Ratio(v.into()))
+				} else {
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+						"overflow when raising {a} to the power {b}"
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			(V::Ratio(x), V::Ratio(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.to_f64().powf(y.to_f64()))),
+			(V::Float(x), V::Float(y)) => Ok(V::Float(x.powf(*y))),
+			(V::Complex(x), V::Complex(y)) => Ok(V::Complex(x.powc(*y))),
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot exponentiate {l:#} and {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+//////////////////////////
+//  Bitwise operations  //
+//////////////////////////
+
 impl Shl<Value> for Value {
 	type Output = Result<Value>;
 
@@ -204,7 +389,7 @@ impl Shl<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => Ok(Value::Int(((a as u64) << b as u64) as i64)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} left by {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} left by {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -216,7 +401,7 @@ impl Shr<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => Ok(Value::Int((a as u64 >> b as u64) as i64)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -228,7 +413,7 @@ impl BitAnd<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => Ok(Value::Int(a & b)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -240,7 +425,7 @@ impl BitXor<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => Ok(Value::Int(a ^ b)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -252,16 +437,19 @@ impl BitOr<Value> for Value {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, rhs) {
 			(V::Int(a), V::Int(b)) => Ok(Value::Int(a | b)),
-			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}")
+			(l, r) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot shift {l:#} right by {r:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+/////////////////////////////
+//  Equality and ordering  //
+/////////////////////////////
+
 impl PartialEq for Value {
-	#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 	fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-		use Value as V;
 		use super::range::RangeType as Rty;
+		use Value as V;
 		match (self, other) {
 			(V::Nil, V::Nil) => true,
 			(V::Bool(a), V::Bool(b)) => a == b,
@@ -286,8 +474,9 @@ impl PartialEq for Value {
 			(V::Symbol(a), V::Symbol(b)) => a == b,
 			(V::Cell(a), V::Cell(b)) => *a.borrow() == *b.borrow(),
 			(V::Range(a), V::Range(b)) => match (a.ty, b.ty) {
-				(Rty::Open, Rty::Open)
-				| (Rty::Closed, Rty::Closed) => a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop,
+				(Rty::Open, Rty::Open) | (Rty::Closed, Rty::Closed) => {
+					a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop
+				}
 				(Rty::Open, Rty::Closed) => a.start == b.start && a.stop == b.stop - 1,
 				(Rty::Closed, Rty::Open) => a.start == b.start && a.stop - 1 == b.stop,
 				(Rty::Endless, Rty::Endless) => a.start == b.start,
@@ -301,7 +490,6 @@ impl PartialEq for Value {
 }
 
 impl PartialOrd for Value {
-	#[allow(clippy::cast_precision_loss)]
 	fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
 		use Value as V;
 		match (self, other) {
@@ -324,6 +512,10 @@ impl PartialOrd for Value {
 	}
 }
 
+////////////
+//  misc  //
+////////////
+
 impl Value {
 	pub fn val_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Result<Ordering> {
 		match self.partial_cmp(other) {
@@ -339,7 +531,7 @@ impl Value {
 				let mut l = l1.borrow().clone();
 				l.extend_from_slice(&l2.borrow());
 				Ok(l.into())
-			},
+			}
 			(V::String(s1), V::String(s2)) => {
 				let mut s: LString = s1.as_ref().to_owned();
 				s.push_lstr(s2);
@@ -361,23 +553,40 @@ impl Value {
 				let mut l = list.borrow().clone();
 				l.push(val);
 				Ok(l.into())
-			},
+			}
 			lhs => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot append to {lhs:#}"),
 		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn range(&self, other: &Self, closed: bool) -> Result<Self> {
 		if let (Value::Int(start), Value::Int(stop)) = (self, other) {
-			let ty = if closed { RangeType::Closed } else { RangeType::Open };
-			Ok(Range { start: *start, stop: *stop, ty }.into())
+			let ty = if closed {
+				RangeType::Closed
 			} else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create range between {self:#} and {other:#}")
+				RangeType::Open
+			};
+			Ok(Range {
+				start: *start,
+				stop: *stop,
+				ty,
+			}
+			.into())
+		} else {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"cannot create range between {self:#} and {other:#}"
+			)
 		}
 	}
 
 	pub fn range_endless(&self) -> Result<Self> {
 		if let Value::Int(start) = self {
-			Ok(Range { start: *start, stop: 0, ty: RangeType::Endless }.into())
+			Ok(Range {
+				start: *start,
+				stop: 0,
+				ty: RangeType::Endless,
+			}
+			.into())
 		} else {
 			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot create endless range from {self:#}")
 		}
@@ -397,7 +606,7 @@ impl Value {
 	pub fn iter_pack(v: Option<Self>) -> Self {
 		match v {
 			Some(v) => v,
-			None => Value::from(*SYM_END_ITERATION)
+			None => Value::from(*SYM_END_ITERATION),
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -407,11 +616,12 @@ impl Value {
 			Self::Range(range) => {
 				let range_iter = RefCell::new(range.into_iter());
 				let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| -> Result<Value> {
-					Ok(Value::iter_pack(range_iter.borrow_mut().next()
-						.map(Value::from)))
+					Ok(Value::iter_pack(
+						range_iter.borrow_mut().next().map(Value::from),
+					))
 				};
-				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
-			},
+				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[range]")).into())
+			}
 			Self::String(s) => {
 				let byte_pos = RefCell::new(0);
 				let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| -> Result<Value> {
@@ -423,8 +633,8 @@ impl Value {
 						Ok(Value::from(*SYM_END_ITERATION))
 					}
 				};
-				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
-			},
+				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[string]")).into())
+			}
 			Self::List(list) => {
 				let idx = RefCell::new(0);
 				let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| -> Result<Value> {
@@ -436,17 +646,18 @@ impl Value {
 						Ok(Value::from(*SYM_END_ITERATION))
 					}
 				};
-				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
-			},
+				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[list]")).into())
+			}
 			Self::Table(table) => {
 				let keys: Vec<HashValue> = table.borrow().keys().cloned().collect();
 				let keys = RefCell::new(keys.into_iter());
 				let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| -> Result<Value> {
-					Ok(Value::iter_pack(keys.borrow_mut().next()
-						.map(HashValue::into_inner)))
+					Ok(Value::iter_pack(
+						keys.borrow_mut().next().map(HashValue::into_inner),
+					))
 				};
-				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
-			},
+				Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[table]")).into())
+			}
 			_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot iterate {self:#}"),
 		}
 	}

talc-lang/src/value/range.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum RangeType {
-	Open, Closed, Endless,
+	Open,
+	Closed,
+	Endless,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
@@ -40,5 +41,3 @@ impl IntoIterator for Range {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-

talc-lang/src/vm.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
-use std::{cmp::Ordering, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc, sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc}};
+use std::{
+	cmp::Ordering,
+	collections::HashMap,
+	rc::Rc,
+	sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
+};
 
-use crate::{ast::{BinaryOp, UnaryOp}, chunk::Instruction, exception::{throw, Exception, Result}, lstring::LStr, symbol::{Symbol, SYM_CALL_STACK_OVERFLOW, SYM_INTERRUPTED, SYM_NAME_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, value::{function::{FuncAttrs, Function, NativeFunc}, Value}};
+use crate::{
+	chunk::Instruction,
+	exception::{throw, Exception, Result},
+	lstring::LStr,
+	parser::ast::{BinaryOp, UnaryOp},
+	symbol::{
+		Symbol, SYM_CALL_STACK_OVERFLOW, SYM_INTERRUPTED, SYM_NAME_ERROR, SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+	},
+	value::{
+		function::{FuncAttrs, Function, NativeFunc},
+		Value,
+	},
+};
 
-struct TryFrame { idx: usize, stack_len: usize }
+struct TryFrame {
+	idx: usize,
+	stack_len: usize,
+}
 
 struct CallFrame {
 	func: Rc<Function>,
@@ -72,44 +92,35 @@ enum CallOutcome {
 	Partial(Value),
 }
 
-fn get_call_outcome(mut args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<CallOutcome> {
+fn get_call_outcome(args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<CallOutcome> {
 	let f = &args[0];
 	let Some(attrs) = f.func_attrs() else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cannot call non-function {f:#}")
 	};
 	let argc = args.len() - 1;
-	if attrs.variadic && argc >= attrs.arity {
-		let vararg = args.split_off(attrs.arity + 1);
-		args.push(vararg.into());
-		Ok(CallOutcome::Call(args))
-	} else if argc == attrs.arity {
-		Ok(CallOutcome::Call(args))
-	} else if argc > attrs.arity {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "too many arguments for function")
-	} else {
+	match argc.cmp(&attrs.arity) {
+		Ordering::Equal => Ok(CallOutcome::Call(args)),
+		Ordering::Greater => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "too many arguments for function"),
+		Ordering::Less => {
 			let remaining = attrs.arity - argc;
 			let f = f.clone();
 			let nf = move |vm: &mut Vm, inner_args: Vec<Value>| {
 				let mut ia = inner_args.into_iter();
 				ia.next();
-			let mut args: Vec<Value> = args.clone().into_iter().chain(ia).collect();
-			if attrs.variadic {
-				let Value::List(varargs) = args.pop()
-					.expect("did not receive vararg") else {
-					panic!("did not receive vararg")
-				};
-				let varargs = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(varargs).take();
-				args.extend(varargs);
-			}
+				let args: Vec<Value> = args.clone().into_iter().chain(ia).collect();
 				vm.call_value(f.clone(), args)
 			};
 			let nf = NativeFunc {
-			attrs: FuncAttrs { arity: remaining, variadic: attrs.variadic },
+				attrs: FuncAttrs {
+					arity: remaining,
+					name: None,
+				},
 				func: Box::new(nf),
 			};
 			Ok(CallOutcome::Partial(nf.into()))
 		}
 	}
+}
 
 impl Vm {
 	pub fn new(stack_max: usize) -> Self {
@@ -131,7 +142,9 @@ impl Vm {
 	}
 
 	pub fn set_global_name<'a, S>(&mut self, name: S, val: Value)
-	where S: Into<&'a LStr> {
+	where
+		S: Into<&'a LStr>,
+	{
 		self.globals.insert(Symbol::get(name.into()), val);
 	}
 
@@ -150,8 +163,8 @@ impl Vm {
 			CallOutcome::Call(args) => match value {
 				Value::Function(f) => self.run_function(f, args),
 				Value::NativeFunc(f) => (f.func)(self, args),
-				_ => unreachable!("already verified by calling get_call_type")
-			}
+				_ => unreachable!("already verified by calling get_call_type"),
+			},
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -187,7 +200,9 @@ impl Vm {
 			while let Some(try_frame) = frame.try_frames.pop() {
 				let table = &frame.func.chunk.try_tables[try_frame.idx];
 				for catch in &table.catches {
-						if catch.types.is_none() || catch.types.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&exc.ty) {
+					if catch.types.is_none()
+						|| catch.types.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&exc.ty)
+					{
 						frame.ip = catch.addr;
 						frame.locals.truncate(table.local_count);
 						self.stack.truncate(try_frame.stack_len);
@@ -221,30 +236,33 @@ impl Vm {
 	}
 
 	fn check_interrupt(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-		if self.interrupt.fetch_and(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) {
+		if self
+			.interrupt
+			.fetch_and(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+		{
 			throw!(*SYM_INTERRUPTED)
 		}
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
-	fn run_instr(&mut self, frame: &mut CallFrame, instr: Instruction) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
+	fn run_instr(
+		&mut self,
+		frame: &mut CallFrame,
+		instr: Instruction,
+	) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
 		use Instruction as I;
 
 		match instr {
 			// do nothing
 			I::Nop => (),
 			// [] -> [locals[n]]
-			I::LoadLocal(n)
-				=> self.push(frame.locals[usize::from(n)].clone()),
+			I::LoadLocal(n) => self.push(frame.locals[usize::from(n)].clone()),
 			// [x] -> [], locals[n] = x
-			I::StoreLocal(n)
-				=> frame.locals[usize::from(n)] = self.pop(),
+			I::StoreLocal(n) => frame.locals[usize::from(n)] = self.pop(),
 			// [x] -> [], locals.push(x)
-			I::NewLocal
-				=> frame.locals.push(self.pop()),
+			I::NewLocal => frame.locals.push(self.pop()),
 			// locals.pop_n(n)
-			I::DropLocal(n)
-				=> frame.locals.truncate(frame.locals.len() - usize::from(n)),
+			I::DropLocal(n) => frame.locals.truncate(frame.locals.len() - usize::from(n)),
 			// [] -> [globals[s]]
 			I::LoadGlobal(s) => {
 				let sym = unsafe { s.to_symbol_unchecked() };
@@ -253,16 +271,67 @@ impl Vm {
 					None => throw!(*SYM_NAME_ERROR, "undefined global {}", sym.name()),
 				};
 				self.push(v);
-			},
+			}
 			// [x] -> [], globals[s] = x
 			I::StoreGlobal(s) => {
 				let sym = unsafe { s.to_symbol_unchecked() };
 				let v = self.pop();
 				self.globals.insert(sym, v);
-			},
+			}
+			I::CloseOver(n) => {
+				let n = usize::from(n);
+				let v = std::mem::replace(&mut frame.locals[n], Value::Nil);
+				let v = v.to_cell();
+				frame.locals[n] = v.clone();
+				self.push(v);
+			}
+			I::Closure(n) => {
+				let f = frame.func.chunk.consts[usize::from(n)].clone();
+				let Value::Function(f) = f else {
+					panic!("attempt to build closure from non-closure constant")
+				};
+				let mut f = f.as_ref().clone();
+
+				let captured: Vec<_> = self
+					.pop_n(f.state.len())
+					.into_iter()
+					.map(|v| {
+						let Value::Cell(v) = v else {
+							panic!("attempt to build closure from non-cell local");
+						};
+						v
+					})
+					.collect();
+
+				f.state = captured.into_boxed_slice();
+				self.push(f.into());
+			}
+			I::LoadUpvalue(n) => {
+				let v = frame.func.state[usize::from(n)].clone();
+				self.push(v.borrow().clone());
+			}
+			I::StoreUpvalue(n) => {
+				let v = frame.func.state[usize::from(n)].clone();
+				*v.borrow_mut() = self.pop();
+			}
+			I::ContinueUpvalue(n) => {
+				let v = frame.func.state[usize::from(n)].clone();
+				self.push(Value::Cell(v));
+			}
+			I::LoadClosedLocal(n) => {
+				let Value::Cell(c) = &frame.locals[usize::from(n)] else {
+					panic!("attempt to load from closed non-cell local");
+				};
+				self.push(c.borrow().clone());
+			}
+			I::StoreClosedLocal(n) => {
+				let Value::Cell(c) = &frame.locals[usize::from(n)] else {
+					panic!("attempt to store to closed non-cell local");
+				};
+				*c.borrow_mut() = self.pop();
+			}
 			// [] -> [consts[n]]
-			I::Const(n)
-				=> self.push(frame.func.chunk.consts[usize::from(n)].clone()),
+			I::Const(n) => self.push(frame.func.chunk.consts[usize::from(n)].clone()),
 			// [] -> [nil]
 			I::Nil => self.push(Value::Nil),
 			// [] -> [b]
@@ -271,7 +340,7 @@ impl Vm {
 			I::Symbol(s) => {
 				let sym = unsafe { Symbol::from_id_unchecked(u32::from(s)) };
 				self.push(Value::Symbol(sym));
-			},
+			}
 			// [] -> [n]
 			I::Int(n) => self.push(Value::Int(i64::from(n))),
 			// [x] -> [x,x]
@@ -280,38 +349,44 @@ impl Vm {
 			I::DupTwo => {
 				self.push(self.stack[self.stack.len() - 2].clone());
 				self.push(self.stack[self.stack.len() - 2].clone());
-			},
+			}
 			// [a0,a1...an] -> []
-			I::Drop(n) => for _ in 0..u32::from(n) { self.pop(); },
+			I::Drop(n) => {
+				for _ in 0..u32::from(n) {
+					self.pop();
+				}
+			}
 			// [x,y] -> [y,x]
 			I::Swap => {
 				let len = self.stack.len();
 				self.stack.swap(len - 1, len - 2);
-			},
+			}
 			// [x,y] -> [y op x]
 			I::BinaryOp(op) => {
 				let b = self.pop();
 				let a = self.pop();
 				self.push(binary_op(op, a, b)?);
-			},
+			}
 			// [x] -> [op x]
 			I::UnaryOp(op) => {
 				let a = self.pop();
 				self.push(unary_op(op, a)?);
-			},
+			}
 			// [a0,a1...an] -.> [[a0,a1...an]]
 			I::NewList(n) => {
 				let list = self.pop_n(n as usize);
 				self.push(list.into());
-			},
+			}
 			// [l,a0,a1...an] -.> [l ++ [a0,a1...an]]
 			I::GrowList(n) => {
 				let ext = self.pop_n(n as usize);
 				let list = self.pop();
-				let Value::List(list) = list else { panic!("not a list") };
+				let Value::List(list) = list else {
+					panic!("not a list")
+				};
 				list.borrow_mut().extend(ext);
 				self.push(Value::List(list));
-			},
+			}
 			// [k0,v0...kn,vn] -.> [{k0=v0...kn=vn}]
 			I::NewTable(n) => {
 				let mut table = HashMap::new();
@@ -321,12 +396,14 @@ impl Vm {
 					table.insert(k.try_into()?, v);
 				}
 				self.push(table.into());
-			},
+			}
 			// [t,k0,v0...kn,vn] -> [t ++ {k0=v0...kn=vn}]
 			I::GrowTable(n) => {
 				let mut ext = self.pop_n(2 * n as usize);
 				let table = self.pop();
-				let Value::Table(table) = table else { panic!("not a table") };
+				let Value::Table(table) = table else {
+					panic!("not a table")
+				};
 				let mut table_ref = table.borrow_mut();
 				for _ in 0..n {
 					// can't panic: pop_n checked that ext would have len 2*n
@@ -336,13 +413,13 @@ impl Vm {
 				}
 				drop(table_ref);
 				self.push(Value::Table(table));
-			},
+			}
 			// [ct, idx] -> [ct!idx]
 			I::Index => {
 				let idx = self.pop();
 				let ct = self.pop();
 				self.push(ct.index(idx)?);
-			},
+			}
 			// [ct, idx, v] -> [v], ct!idx = v
 			I::StoreIndex => {
 				let v = self.pop();
@@ -350,27 +427,31 @@ impl Vm {
 				let ct = self.pop();
 				ct.store_index(self, idx, v.clone())?;
 				self.push(v);
-			},
+			}
 			// ip = n
 			I::Jump(n) => {
 				self.check_interrupt()?;
 				frame.ip = usize::from(n);
-			},
+			}
 			// [v] ->, [], if v then ip = n
-			I::JumpTrue(n)  => if self.pop().truthy() {
+			I::JumpTrue(n) => {
+				if self.pop().truthy() {
 					self.check_interrupt()?;
 					frame.ip = usize::from(n);
-			},
+				}
+			}
 			// [v] ->, [], if not v then ip = n
-			I::JumpFalse(n) => if !self.pop().truthy() {
+			I::JumpFalse(n) => {
+				if !self.pop().truthy() {
 					self.check_interrupt()?;
 					frame.ip = usize::from(n);
-			},
+				}
+			}
 			// [v] -> [iter(v)]
 			I::IterBegin => {
 				let iter = self.pop().to_iter_function()?;
 				self.push(iter);
-			},
+			}
 			// [i,cell(v)] -> [i,v]
 			// [i,nil] -> [], ip = n
 			I::IterTest(n) => {
@@ -380,19 +461,19 @@ impl Vm {
 					self.pop();
 					frame.ip = usize::from(n);
 				}
-			},
+			}
 			// try_frames.push(t, stack.len())
 			I::BeginTry(t) => {
 				let tryframe = TryFrame {
 					idx: usize::from(t),
-					stack_len: self.stack.len()
+					stack_len: self.stack.len(),
 				};
 				frame.try_frames.push(tryframe);
-			},
+			}
 			// try_frames.pop()
 			I::EndTry => {
 				frame.try_frames.pop().expect("no try to pop");
-			},
+			}
 			// [f,a0,a1...an] -> [f(a0,a1...an)]
 			I::Call(n) => {
 				let n = usize::from(n);
@@ -432,9 +513,8 @@ impl Vm {
 					// before propagating exceptions
 					let res = res?;
 
-					self.stack.push(res);
+					self.push(res);
 				} else if let Value::Function(func) = &args[0] {
-
 					if self.call_stack.len() + 1 >= self.stack_max {
 						throw!(*SYM_CALL_STACK_OVERFLOW, "call stack overflow")
 					}
@@ -445,22 +525,18 @@ impl Vm {
 				} else {
 					unreachable!("already verified by calling get_call_type");
 				}
-			},
+			}
 			// [v] -> [], return v
-			I::Return if frame.root => {
-				return Ok(Some(self.pop()));
-			},
+			I::Return if frame.root => return Ok(Some(self.pop())),
 			// [v] -> [], return v
 			I::Return => {
 				self.check_interrupt()?;
 				*frame = self.call_stack.pop().expect("no root frame");
-			},
+			}
 		}
 
 		Ok(None)
 	}
-
-
 }
 
 #[macro_export]

talc-macros/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,52 +1,8 @@
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use syn::{parse::Parse, parse_macro_input, ItemFn, LitInt, Token};
-use quote::quote;
 
-struct NativeFuncArgs {
-	arity: LitInt,
-	variadic: Option<Token![..]>,
-}
-
-impl Parse for NativeFuncArgs {
-	fn parse(input: syn::parse::ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
-		let arity = input.parse()?;
-		let variadic = input.parse()?;
-		Ok(Self { arity, variadic })
-	}
-}
+mod native_func;
 
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn native_func(input: TokenStream, annotated_item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-	let Ok(itemfn) = syn::parse::<ItemFn>(annotated_item.clone()) else {
-		return annotated_item
-	};
-	let args: NativeFuncArgs = parse_macro_input!(input as NativeFuncArgs);
-
-	let visibility = itemfn.vis;
-	let block = itemfn.block;
-	let name = itemfn.sig.ident;
-	let inputs = itemfn.sig.inputs;
-	let output = itemfn.sig.output;
-	let arity = args.arity;
-	let variadic = args.variadic.is_some();
-
-	assert!(itemfn.sig.constness.is_none(), "item must not be const");
-	assert!(itemfn.sig.asyncness.is_none(), "item must not be async");
-	assert!(itemfn.sig.unsafety.is_none(), "item must not be unsafe");
-	assert!(itemfn.sig.abi.is_none(), "item must not contain an ABI specifier");
-	assert!(itemfn.sig.variadic.is_none(), "item must not be variadic");
-
-	let expanded = quote! {
-		#visibility fn #name() -> ::talc_lang::value::function::NativeFunc {
-			::talc_lang::value::function::NativeFunc {
-				attrs: ::talc_lang::value::function::FuncAttrs{
-					arity: #arity,
-					variadic: #variadic,
-				},
-				func: Box::new(|#inputs| #output #block)
-			}
-		}
-	};
-
-	TokenStream::from(expanded)
+	native_func::native_func(input, annotated_item)
 }

talc-macros/src/native_func.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use syn::{parse::Parse, parse_macro_input, Token};
+
+struct NativeFuncArgs {
+	arity: syn::LitInt,
+	name: Option<syn::LitStr>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for NativeFuncArgs {
+	fn parse(input: syn::parse::ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+		let arity = input.parse()?;
+		let t: Option<Token![,]> = input.parse()?;
+		if t.is_some() {
+			let name = input.parse()?;
+			Ok(Self {
+				arity,
+				name: Some(name),
+			})
+		} else {
+			Ok(Self { arity, name: None })
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn native_func(input: TokenStream, annotated_item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+	let Ok(itemfn) = syn::parse::<syn::ItemFn>(annotated_item.clone()) else {
+		return annotated_item
+	};
+	let args: NativeFuncArgs = parse_macro_input!(input as NativeFuncArgs);
+
+	let visibility = itemfn.vis;
+	let block = itemfn.block;
+	let name = itemfn.sig.ident;
+	let inputs = itemfn.sig.inputs;
+	let output = itemfn.sig.output;
+	let arity = args.arity;
+
+	let talc_name = match args.name {
+		Some(n) => n.to_token_stream(),
+		None => name.to_token_stream(),
+	};
+
+	assert!(itemfn.sig.constness.is_none(), "item must not be const");
+	assert!(itemfn.sig.asyncness.is_none(), "item must not be async");
+	assert!(itemfn.sig.unsafety.is_none(), "item must not be unsafe");
+	assert!(
+		itemfn.sig.abi.is_none(),
+		"item must not contain an ABI specifier"
+	);
+	assert!(itemfn.sig.variadic.is_none(), "item must not be variadic");
+
+	let expanded = quote! {
+		#visibility fn #name() -> ::talc_lang::value::function::NativeFunc {
+			::talc_lang::value::function::NativeFunc {
+				attrs: ::talc_lang::value::function::FuncAttrs{
+					arity: #arity,
+					name: Some(::talc_lang::symbol::symbol!(#talc_name))
+				},
+				func: Box::new(|#inputs| #output #block)
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	TokenStream::from(expanded)
+}

talc-std/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ edition = "2021"
 [dependencies]
 talc-lang = { path = "../talc-lang" }
 talc-macros = { path = "../talc-macros" }
-lazy_static = "1.4"
-regex = "1.10"
+lazy_static = "1.5"
+regex = "1.11"
 rand = { version = "0.8", optional = true }
 
 [features]

talc-std/src/collection.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
-use talc_lang::{exception::{exception, Result}, symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, throw, value::{function::NativeFunc, Value}, vmcall, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{exception, Result},
+	symbol::{symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{function::NativeFunc, Value},
+	vmcall, Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::unpack_args;
 
-
 pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("push", push().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("pop", pop().into());
@@ -14,6 +19,9 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("sort", sort().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("sort_by", sort_by().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("sort_key", sort_key().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("pair", pair().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("fst", fst().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("snd", snd().into());
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -33,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn pop(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "pop expected list, found {list:#}")
 	};
 	let v = list.borrow_mut().pop();
-	v.ok_or_else(|| exception!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "attempt to pop empty list"))
+	v.ok_or_else(|| exception!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "attempt to pop empty list"))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -52,7 +60,10 @@ pub fn clear(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match &col {
 		Value::List(list) => list.borrow_mut().clear(),
 		Value::Table(table) => table.borrow_mut().clear(),
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "clear expected list or table, found {col:#}")
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"clear expected list or table, found {col:#}"
+		),
 	}
 	Ok(col)
 }
@@ -60,7 +71,10 @@ pub fn clear(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 fn call_comparison(vm: &mut Vm, by: Value, l: Value, r: Value) -> Result<i64> {
 	let ord = vmcall!(vm; by, l, r)?;
 	let Value::Int(ord) = ord else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "comparison function should return an integer")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"comparison function should return an integer"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(ord)
 }
@@ -79,14 +93,14 @@ fn partition(vals: &mut [Value]) -> (usize, usize) {
 				vals.swap(eq, lt);
 				lt += 1;
 				eq += 1;
-			},
+			}
 			Some(Ordering::Greater) => {
 				vals.swap(eq, gt);
 				gt -= 1;
-			},
+			}
 			Some(Ordering::Equal) | None => {
 				eq += 1;
-			},
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -107,14 +121,14 @@ fn partition_by(vals: &mut [Value], by: &Value, vm: &mut Vm) -> Result<(usize, u
 				vals.swap(eq, lt);
 				lt += 1;
 				eq += 1;
-			},
+			}
 			1.. => {
 				vals.swap(eq, gt);
 				gt -= 1;
-			},
+			}
 			0 => {
 				eq += 1;
-			},
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -135,9 +149,10 @@ fn insertion_by(vals: &mut [Value], by: &Value, vm: &mut Vm) -> Result<()> {
 	for i in 0..vals.len() {
 		let mut j = i;
 		while j > 0 {
-			let ord = call_comparison(vm, by.clone(), vals[j-1].clone(), vals[j].clone())?;
+			let ord =
+				call_comparison(vm, by.clone(), vals[j - 1].clone(), vals[j].clone())?;
 			if ord <= 0 {
-				break;
+				break
 			}
 			vals.swap(j, j - 1);
 			j -= 1;
@@ -199,10 +214,45 @@ pub fn sort_key(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			Some(Ordering::Greater) => Ok(Value::Int(1)),
 			Some(Ordering::Equal) => Ok(Value::Int(0)),
 			Some(Ordering::Less) => Ok(Value::Int(-1)),
-			None => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "values returned from sort key were incomparable"),
+			None => throw!(
+				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+				"values returned from sort key were incomparable"
+			),
 		}
 	};
-	let nf = NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 2).into();
+	let nf = NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 2, symbol!("inner[sort_key]")).into();
 	sort_inner(&mut list.borrow_mut(), Some(&nf), vm)?;
 	Ok(list.into())
 }
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn pair(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
+	Ok(vec![x, y].into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn fst(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, l] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::List(l) = l else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "fst: expected list")
+	};
+	let l = l.borrow();
+	let [x, _] = l.as_slice() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "fst: list must have length 2")
+	};
+	Ok(x.clone())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn snd(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, l] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::List(l) = l else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "snd: expected list")
+	};
+	let l = l.borrow();
+	let [_, y] = l.as_slice() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "snd: list must have length 2")
+	};
+	Ok(y.clone())
+}

talc-std/src/exception.rs

@@ -1,26 +1,40 @@
-use talc_lang::{exception::{throw, Exception, Result}, symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, value::Value, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{throw, Exception, Result},
+	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	value::Value,
+	Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
-use crate::{unpack_args, unpack_varargs};
+use crate::unpack_args;
 
-#[native_func(1..)]
+#[native_func(1)]
 pub fn throw(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, ty], varargs) = unpack_varargs!(args);
-	let Value::Symbol(ty) = ty else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "exception type must be a symbol")
+	let [_, arg] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let exc = match arg {
+		Value::Symbol(ty) => Exception::new(ty),
+		Value::List(l) => match l.borrow().as_slice() {
+			[Value::Symbol(ty)] | [Value::Symbol(ty), Value::Nil] => Exception::new(*ty),
+			[Value::Symbol(ty), Value::Nil, data] => {
+				Exception::new_with_data(*ty, data.clone())
+			}
+			[Value::Symbol(ty), Value::String(s)] => {
+				Exception::new_with_msg(*ty, s.clone())
+			}
+			[Value::Symbol(ty), Value::String(s), data] => {
+				Exception::new_with_msg_data(*ty, s.clone(), data.clone())
+			}
+			[] | [_] | [_, _] | [_, _, _] => {
+				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument for throw")
+			}
+			[_, _, _, _, ..] => throw!(
+				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+				"too many elements in list argument for throw"
+			),
+		},
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "throw expected symbol or list"),
 	};
-	Err(match &*varargs {
-		[] | [Value::Nil]
-			=> Exception::new(ty),
-		[Value::Nil, data]
-			=> Exception::new_with_data(ty, data.clone()),
-		[Value::String(s)]
-			=> Exception::new_with_msg(ty, s.clone()),
-		[Value::String(s), data]
-			=> Exception::new_with_msg_data(ty, s.clone(), data.clone()),
-		[_] | [_,_] => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong arguments for throw"),
-		[_,_,_,..] => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "too many arguments for throw"),
-	})
+	Err(exc)
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -30,6 +44,7 @@ pub fn rethrow(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		if let Some(e) = Exception::from_table(&table) {
 			return Err(e)
 		}
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument not a valid exception")
 	}
 	throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "argument not a valid exception")
 }

talc-std/src/file.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
-use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, fs::{File, OpenOptions}, io::{BufRead, BufReader, BufWriter, ErrorKind, IntoInnerError, Read, Write}, net::{TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs}, os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, RawFd}, process::{Child, Command, Stdio}, time::Duration};
+use std::{
+	cell::RefCell,
+	collections::HashMap,
+	fs::{File, OpenOptions},
+	io::{BufRead, BufReader, BufWriter, ErrorKind, IntoInnerError, Read, Write},
+	net::{TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs},
+	os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, RawFd},
+	process::{Child, Command, Stdio},
+	time::Duration,
+};
 
-use talc_lang::{exception::Result, lstring::LString, symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, throw, value::{function::NativeFunc, HashValue, NativeValue, Value}, Vm};
-use talc_macros::native_func;
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	lstring::LString,
+	symbol::{symbol, Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{function::NativeFunc, HashValue, NativeValue, Value},
+	Vm,
+};
+use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::{unpack_args, SYM_IO_ERROR};
 
@@ -10,7 +26,6 @@ type OpenOptFn = for<'a> fn(&'a mut OpenOptions, bool) -> &'a mut OpenOptions;
 lazy_static! {
 	static ref SYM_STD_FILE: Symbol = Symbol::get("std.file");
 	static ref SYM_STD_PROCESS: Symbol = Symbol::get("std.process");
-
 	static ref SYM_R: Symbol = Symbol::get("r");
 	static ref SYM_W: Symbol = Symbol::get("w");
 	static ref SYM_A: Symbol = Symbol::get("a");
@@ -18,7 +33,6 @@ lazy_static! {
 	static ref SYM_C: Symbol = Symbol::get("c");
 	static ref SYM_N: Symbol = Symbol::get("n");
 	static ref SYM_U: Symbol = Symbol::get("u");
-
 	static ref OPEN_OPT_MAP: HashMap<Symbol, OpenOptFn> = {
 		let mut map = HashMap::new();
 		map.insert(*SYM_R, OpenOptions::read as OpenOptFn);
@@ -29,21 +43,17 @@ lazy_static! {
 		map.insert(*SYM_N, OpenOptions::create_new);
 		map
 	};
-
 	static ref SYM_STDIN: Symbol = Symbol::get("stdin");
 	static ref SYM_STDOUT: Symbol = Symbol::get("stdout");
 	static ref SYM_STDERR: Symbol = Symbol::get("stderr");
 	static ref SYM_CD: Symbol = Symbol::get("cd");
 	static ref SYM_DELENV: Symbol = Symbol::get("delenv");
 	static ref SYM_ENV: Symbol = Symbol::get("env");
-
 	static ref SYM_PROCESS: Symbol = Symbol::get("process");
-
 	static ref SYM_INHERIT: Symbol = Symbol::get("inherit");
 	static ref SYM_PIPED: Symbol = Symbol::get("piped");
 	static ref SYM_NULL: Symbol = Symbol::get("null");
 	static ref SYM_ALL: Symbol = Symbol::get("all");
-
 }
 
 thread_local! {
@@ -69,15 +79,23 @@ thread_local! {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum BufFile {
-	Buffered { r: BufReader<File>, w: BufWriter<File> },
-	Unbuffered { f: File },
+	Buffered {
+		r: BufReader<File>,
+		w: BufWriter<File>,
+	},
+	Unbuffered {
+		f: File,
+	},
 }
 
 impl BufFile {
 	fn new(file: File, buffered: bool) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
 		if buffered {
 			let file2 = file.try_clone()?;
-			Ok(Self::Buffered { r: BufReader::new(file), w: BufWriter::new(file2) })
+			Ok(Self::Buffered {
+				r: BufReader::new(file),
+				w: BufWriter::new(file2),
+			})
 		} else {
 			Ok(Self::Unbuffered { f: file })
 		}
@@ -92,15 +110,17 @@ impl BufFile {
 			Self::Buffered { r, .. } => {
 				let file = r.get_ref().try_clone()?;
 				Self::new(file, true)
-			},
-			Self::Unbuffered { f } => Ok(Self::Unbuffered { f: f.try_clone()? })
+			}
+			Self::Unbuffered { f } => Ok(Self::Unbuffered { f: f.try_clone()? }),
 		}
 	}
 
-	fn try_into_raw_fd(self) -> std::result::Result<RawFd, IntoInnerError<BufWriter<File>>> {
+	fn try_into_raw_fd(
+		self,
+	) -> std::result::Result<RawFd, IntoInnerError<BufWriter<File>>> {
 		match self {
 			BufFile::Buffered { r, w } => {
-				w.into_inner()?.into_raw_fd();
+				let _ = w.into_inner()?.into_raw_fd();
 				Ok(r.into_inner().into_raw_fd())
 			}
 			BufFile::Unbuffered { f } => Ok(f.into_raw_fd()),
@@ -152,9 +172,18 @@ impl From<BufFile> for ValueFile {
 }
 
 impl NativeValue for ValueFile {
-	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol { *SYM_STD_FILE }
-	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any { self }
-	fn to_lstring(&self, w: &mut LString, _repr: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol {
+		*SYM_STD_FILE
+	}
+	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+		self
+	}
+	fn to_lstring(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		_repr: bool,
+		_recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> std::io::Result<()> {
 		w.push_str("<file>");
 		Ok(())
 	}
@@ -170,9 +199,18 @@ impl From<Child> for ValueProcess {
 }
 
 impl NativeValue for ValueProcess {
-	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol { *SYM_STD_PROCESS }
-	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any { self }
-	fn to_lstring(&self, w: &mut LString, _repr: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol {
+		*SYM_STD_PROCESS
+	}
+	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+		self
+	}
+	fn to_lstring(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		_repr: bool,
+		_recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> std::io::Result<()> {
 		let id = self.0.borrow().id();
 		write!(w, "<process {id}>")
 	}
@@ -201,7 +239,6 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("process_id", process_id().into());
 }
 
-
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn open(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, path, opts] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -218,11 +255,12 @@ pub fn open(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			} else {
 				match OPEN_OPT_MAP.get(&s) {
 					Some(f) => f(&mut oo, true),
-					None => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid option for open")
+					None => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "invalid option for open"),
 				};
 			}
-		},
-		Value::List(l) => for s in l.borrow().iter() {
+		}
+		Value::List(l) => {
+			for s in l.borrow().iter() {
 				let Value::Symbol(s) = s else {
 					throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid option for open")
 				};
@@ -231,20 +269,21 @@ pub fn open(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 				} else {
 					match OPEN_OPT_MAP.get(s) {
 						Some(f) => f(&mut oo, true),
-					None => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid option for open")
+						None => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "invalid option for open"),
 					};
 				}
-		},
+			}
+		}
 		Value::Nil => {
 			oo.read(true).write(true);
-		},
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid option for open")
+		}
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid option for open"),
 	}
 	match oo.open(path.to_os_str()) {
 		Ok(f) => match BufFile::new(f, buffered) {
 			Ok(bf) => Ok(ValueFile::from(bf).into()),
 			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
-		}
+		},
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -256,7 +295,10 @@ pub fn read(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read expected integer, got {nbytes:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(nbytes) = usize::try_from(nbytes) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "number of bytes to read must be nonnegative")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"number of bytes to read must be nonnegative"
+		)
 	};
 	let Some(file): Option<&ValueFile> = file.downcast_native() else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read expected file, got {file:#}")
@@ -310,14 +352,14 @@ pub fn read_until(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read_until expected string, got {end:#}")
 	};
 	if end.is_empty() {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read_until: end string must not be empty")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "read_until: end string must not be empty")
 	}
 	let mut file = file.0.borrow_mut();
 	if let BufFile::Buffered { r, .. } = &mut *file {
 		match read_until_impl(r, end.as_bytes()) {
 			Ok(s) if s.is_empty() => Ok(Value::Nil),
 			Ok(s) => Ok(s.into()),
-			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}")
+			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 		}
 	} else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read_until: file must be buffered")
@@ -336,10 +378,10 @@ pub fn read_line(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		match r.read_until(b'\n', &mut buf) {
 			Ok(0) => Ok(Value::Nil),
 			Ok(_) => Ok(LString::from(buf).into()),
-			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}")
+			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 		}
 	} else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "read_line: file must be buffered")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "read_line: file must be buffered")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -398,13 +440,13 @@ pub fn tcp_connect(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "tcp_connect expected string, got {addr:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(addr) = addr.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	match TcpStream::connect(addr) {
 		Ok(stream) => match BufFile::from_raw_fd(stream.into_raw_fd(), true) {
 			Ok(bf) => Ok(ValueFile::from(bf).into()),
 			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
-		}
+		},
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -413,16 +455,26 @@ pub fn tcp_connect(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn tcp_connect_timeout(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, addr, timeout] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(addr) = addr else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout expected string, got {addr:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"tcp_connect_timeout expected string, got {addr:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let Ok(addr) = addr.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let timeout = match timeout {
 		Value::Int(n) if n >= 0 => Duration::from_secs(n as u64),
-		Value::Float(n) if n >= 0.0 && n <= Duration::MAX.as_secs_f64() => Duration::from_secs_f64(n),
-		Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout: invalid timeout"),
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout expected int or float, got {timeout:#}")
+		Value::Float(n) if n >= 0.0 && n <= Duration::MAX.as_secs_f64() => {
+			Duration::from_secs_f64(n)
+		}
+		Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) => {
+			throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "tcp_connect_timeout: invalid timeout")
+		}
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"tcp_connect_timeout expected int or float, got {timeout:#}"
+		),
 	};
 	let mut addrs = match addr.to_socket_addrs() {
 		Ok(addrs) => addrs,
@@ -435,26 +487,25 @@ pub fn tcp_connect_timeout(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Ok(stream) => match BufFile::from_raw_fd(stream.into_raw_fd(), true) {
 			Ok(bf) => Ok(ValueFile::from(bf).into()),
 			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
-		}
+		},
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}
 }
 
 fn tcp_listen_inner(listener: TcpListener) -> Value {
 	let listener = RefCell::new(listener);
-	let func = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| {
-		match listener.borrow_mut().accept() {
+	let func = move |_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>| match listener.borrow_mut().accept() {
 		Ok((stream, addr)) => match BufFile::from_raw_fd(stream.into_raw_fd(), true) {
 			Ok(bf) => Ok(vec![
 				ValueFile::from(bf).into(),
-					LString::from(addr.to_string()).into()
-				].into()),
+				LString::from(addr.to_string()).into(),
+			]
+			.into()),
 			Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
-			}
+		},
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
-		}
 	};
-	NativeFunc::new(Box::new(func), 0).into()
+	NativeFunc::new(Box::new(func), 0, symbol!("inner[tcp_listen]")).into()
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -464,18 +515,16 @@ pub fn tcp_listen(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "tcp_connect expected string, got {addr:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(addr) = addr.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "address must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	match TcpListener::bind(addr) {
 		Ok(listener) => {
-			let addr = listener.local_addr()
+			let addr = listener
+				.local_addr()
 				.map(|a| LString::from(a.to_string()).into())
 				.unwrap_or(Value::Nil);
-			Ok(vec![
-				tcp_listen_inner(listener),
-				addr,
-			].into())
-		},
+			Ok(vec![tcp_listen_inner(listener), addr].into())
+		}
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -499,24 +548,32 @@ fn spawn_opt_stdio(
 			let f: &ValueFile = opt.downcast_native().unwrap();
 			let bf = match f.0.borrow().try_clone() {
 				Ok(bf) => bf,
-				Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}")
+				Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 			};
 			let fd = match bf.try_into_raw_fd() {
 				Ok(fd) => fd,
-				Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}")
+				Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 			};
 			let stdio = unsafe { Stdio::from_raw_fd(fd) };
 			func(proc, stdio)
-		},
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "{fname} stdio option expected :inherit, :piped, :null, or file, got {opt:#}")
+		}
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"{fname} stdio option expected :inherit, :piped, :null, or file, got {opt:#}"
+		),
 	};
 	Ok(())
 }
 
 fn spawn_opt_cd(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, cd: &Value) -> Result<()> {
-	if let Value::Nil = cd { return Ok(()) }
+	if let Value::Nil = cd {
+		return Ok(())
+	}
 	let Value::String(cd) = cd else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "{fname} cd option expected string, got {cd:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"{fname} cd option expected string, got {cd:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	proc.current_dir(cd.to_os_str());
 	Ok(())
@@ -527,16 +584,22 @@ fn spawn_opt_delenv(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, delenv: &Value) -> Result<(
 		Value::Nil => (),
 		Value::Symbol(s) if *s == *SYM_ALL => {
 			proc.env_clear();
-		},
-		Value::List(l) => for e in l.borrow().iter() {
+		}
+		Value::List(l) => {
+			for e in l.borrow().iter() {
 				let Value::String(e) = e else {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-					"{fname} delenv option expected :all or list of strings, got {delenv:#}")
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+						"{fname} delenv option expected :all or list of strings, got {delenv:#}"
+					)
 				};
 				proc.env_remove(e.to_os_str());
-		},
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"{fname} delenv option expected :all or list of strings, got {delenv:#}")
+			}
+		}
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"{fname} delenv option expected :all or list of strings, got {delenv:#}"
+		),
 	}
 	Ok(())
 }
@@ -544,15 +607,21 @@ fn spawn_opt_delenv(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, delenv: &Value) -> Result<(
 fn spawn_opt_env(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, env: &Value) -> Result<()> {
 	match env {
 		Value::Nil => (),
-		Value::Table(t) => for (k, v) in t.borrow().iter() {
+		Value::Table(t) => {
+			for (k, v) in t.borrow().iter() {
 				let Value::String(k) = k.inner() else {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-					"{fname} efromnv option expected table with string keys, got {env:#}")
+					throw!(
+						*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+						"{fname} env option expected table with string keys, got {env:#}"
+					)
 				};
 				proc.env(k.to_os_str(), v.str().to_os_str());
-		},
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"{fname} env option expected table with string keys, got {env:#}")
+			}
+		}
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"{fname} env option expected table with string keys, got {env:#}"
+		),
 	}
 	Ok(())
 }
@@ -560,7 +629,10 @@ fn spawn_opt_env(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, env: &Value) -> Result<()> {
 fn spawn_inner(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, opts: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 	let (i, o, e) = match opts {
 		Value::Native(ref n) if n.get_type() == *SYM_STD_FILE => {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "{fname} options expected :inherit, :piped, :null, or table, got {opts:#}")
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"{fname} options expected :inherit, :piped, :null, or table, got {opts:#}"
+			)
 		}
 		Value::Table(t) => {
 			let t = t.borrow();
@@ -577,17 +649,20 @@ fn spawn_inner(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, opts: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 				spawn_opt_env(fname, proc, env)?;
 			}
 
-			let i = t.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDIN))
+			let i = t
+				.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDIN))
 				.cloned()
 				.unwrap_or_else(|| Value::from(*SYM_INHERIT));
-			let o = t.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDOUT))
+			let o = t
+				.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDOUT))
 				.cloned()
 				.unwrap_or_else(|| Value::from(*SYM_INHERIT));
-			let e = t.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDERR))
+			let e = t
+				.get(&HashValue::from(*SYM_STDERR))
 				.cloned()
 				.unwrap_or_else(|| Value::from(*SYM_INHERIT));
 			(i, o, e)
-		},
+		}
 		v => (v.clone(), v.clone(), v),
 	};
 
@@ -621,7 +696,10 @@ fn spawn_inner(fname: &str, proc: &mut Command, opts: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 		};
 		table.insert(HashValue::from(*SYM_STDERR), ValueFile::from(bf).into());
 	}
-	table.insert(HashValue::from(*SYM_PROCESS), ValueProcess::from(child).into());
+	table.insert(
+		HashValue::from(*SYM_PROCESS),
+		ValueProcess::from(child).into(),
+	);
 	Ok(table.into())
 }
 
@@ -632,12 +710,18 @@ pub fn spawn(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "spawn expected string, got {cmd:#}")
 	};
 	let Value::List(args) = args else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "spawn expected list of strings, got {args:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"spawn expected list of strings, got {args:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let mut proc = Command::new(cmd.to_os_str());
 	for arg in args.borrow().iter() {
 		let Value::String(arg) = arg else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "spawn expected list of strings, got list containing {arg:#}")
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"spawn expected list of strings, got list containing {arg:#}"
+			)
 		};
 		proc.arg(arg.to_os_str());
 	}
@@ -653,12 +737,10 @@ pub fn system(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let mut proc;
 	if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
 		proc = Command::new("cmd");
-		proc.arg("/C")
-			.arg(cmd.to_os_str())
+		proc.arg("/C").arg(cmd.to_os_str())
 	} else {
 		proc = Command::new("sh");
-		proc.arg("-c")
-			.arg(cmd.to_os_str())
+		proc.arg("-c").arg(cmd.to_os_str())
 	};
 	spawn_inner("system", &mut proc, opts)
 }
@@ -671,11 +753,10 @@ pub fn exit_code(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	};
 	let mut proc = proc.0.borrow_mut();
 	match proc.wait() {
-		Ok(code) => {
-			Ok(code.code()
+		Ok(code) => Ok(code
+			.code()
 			.map(|c| Value::Int(c as i64))
-			   .unwrap_or_default())
-		},
+			.unwrap_or_default()),
 		Err(e) => throw!(*SYM_IO_ERROR, "{e}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -689,4 +770,3 @@ pub fn process_id(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let proc = proc.0.borrow();
 	Ok((proc.id() as i64).into())
 }
-

talc-std/src/format.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{exception, Result},
+	lstring::{LStr, LString},
+	parser::{parse_int, to_lstring_radix},
+	symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+	throw,
+	value::{Complex64, Rational64, Value},
+	Vm,
+};
+use talc_macros::native_func;
+
+use crate::{unpack_args, SYM_FORMAT_ERROR};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum FmtIndex {
+	Imm(usize),
+	Arg(usize),
+	NextArg,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum Align {
+	Left,
+	Center,
+	Right,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+enum FmtType {
+	#[default]
+	Str,
+	Repr,
+	Hex(bool),
+	Oct,
+	Sex,
+	Bin,
+	Exp(bool),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum FmtSign {
+	Plus,
+	Minus,
+	#[default]
+	None,
+}
+
+// [idx][:[align][sign][width][.prec][ty]]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+struct FmtCode {
+	arg_idx: Option<usize>,
+	align: Option<(Align, char)>,
+	sign: FmtSign,
+	width: Option<FmtIndex>,
+	prec: Option<FmtIndex>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+}
+
+struct FmtParser<'p> {
+	code: &'p LStr,
+	pos: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'p> FmtParser<'p> {
+	fn new(code: &'p LStr) -> Self {
+		Self { code, pos: 0 }
+	}
+
+	fn next(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
+		let c = &self.code[self.pos..].chars().next()?;
+		self.pos += c.len_utf8();
+		Some(*c)
+	}
+
+	fn peek(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
+		self.code[self.pos..].chars().next()
+	}
+
+	fn try_next(&mut self, chs: &[char]) -> Option<char> {
+		if self.peek().is_some_and(|c| chs.contains(&c)) {
+			self.next()
+		} else {
+			None
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_number_str(&mut self) -> &LStr {
+		let start = self.pos;
+		while matches!(self.peek(), Some('0'..='9' | '_')) {
+			self.next();
+		}
+		&self.code[start..self.pos]
+	}
+
+	fn next_usize(&mut self) -> Result<Option<usize>> {
+		let s = self.next_number_str();
+		if s.is_empty() {
+			return Ok(None)
+		}
+		let Ok(i) = parse_int(s, 10) else {
+			throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "code {{{}}}: invalid integer", self.code)
+		};
+		if i < 0 {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"code {{{}}}: integer may not be negative",
+				self.code
+			)
+		}
+		Ok(Some(i as usize))
+	}
+
+	fn next_fmt_index(&mut self) -> Result<Option<FmtIndex>> {
+		let dollar = self.try_next(&['$']).is_some();
+		let num = self.next_usize()?;
+		match (dollar, num) {
+			(true, None) => Ok(Some(FmtIndex::NextArg)),
+			(true, Some(n)) => Ok(Some(FmtIndex::Arg(n))),
+			(false, None) => Ok(None),
+			(false, Some(n)) => Ok(Some(FmtIndex::Imm(n))),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_align(&mut self) -> Result<Option<(Align, char)>> {
+		let align = match self.peek() {
+			Some('<') => Align::Left,
+			Some('^') => Align::Center,
+			Some('>') => Align::Right,
+			_ => return Ok(None),
+		};
+		self.next();
+		let Some(c) = self.next() else {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"code {{{}}}: alignment without fill character",
+				self.code
+			)
+		};
+		Ok(Some((align, c)))
+	}
+
+	fn next_sign(&mut self) -> FmtSign {
+		match self.try_next(&['+', '-']) {
+			Some('+') => FmtSign::Plus,
+			Some('-') => FmtSign::Minus,
+			_ => FmtSign::None,
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn next_type(&mut self) -> Result<FmtType> {
+		let ty = match self.peek() {
+			None => return Ok(FmtType::Str),
+			Some('?') => FmtType::Repr,
+			Some('x') => FmtType::Hex(false),
+			Some('X') => FmtType::Hex(true),
+			Some('o') => FmtType::Oct,
+			Some('s') => FmtType::Sex,
+			Some('b') => FmtType::Bin,
+			Some('e') => FmtType::Exp(false),
+			Some('E') => FmtType::Exp(true),
+			_ => throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"code {{{}}}: invalid format type",
+				self.code
+			),
+		};
+		self.next();
+		Ok(ty)
+	}
+
+	fn next_code_end(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+		match self.peek() {
+			Some(c) => throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"code {{{}}}: expected end of code, found character '{}'",
+				self.code,
+				c
+			),
+			None => Ok(()),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn read_format(&mut self) -> Result<FmtCode> {
+		let mut code = FmtCode {
+			arg_idx: self.next_usize()?,
+			..FmtCode::default()
+		};
+		if self.try_next(&[':']).is_none() {
+			self.next_code_end()?;
+			return Ok(code)
+		}
+		code.align = self.next_align()?;
+		code.sign = self.next_sign();
+		code.width = self.next_fmt_index()?;
+		if self.try_next(&['.']).is_some() {
+			code.prec = self.next_fmt_index()?;
+		}
+		code.ty = self.next_type()?;
+		self.next_code_end()?;
+		Ok(code)
+	}
+}
+
+fn get_arg<'a>(
+	args: &'a [Value],
+	n: Option<usize>,
+	faidx: &mut usize,
+) -> Result<&'a Value> {
+	let i = match n {
+		Some(n) => n,
+		None => {
+			let i = *faidx;
+			*faidx += 1;
+			i
+		}
+	};
+	if i >= args.len() {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+			"missing arguments: expected at least {}",
+			i + 1
+		)
+	}
+	Ok(&args[i])
+}
+
+fn get_val(args: &[Value], i: FmtIndex, faidx: &mut usize) -> Result<usize> {
+	let v = match i {
+		FmtIndex::Imm(n) => return Ok(n),
+		FmtIndex::Arg(n) => get_arg(args, Some(n), faidx)?,
+		FmtIndex::NextArg => get_arg(args, None, faidx)?,
+	};
+	let Value::Int(v) = v else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+			"expected positive integer argument, found {v:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	if *v < 0 {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+			"expected positive integer argument, found {v}"
+		)
+	}
+	Ok(*v as usize)
+}
+
+fn format_float(
+	f: f64,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+	ty_name: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	let res = match (prec, ty) {
+		(None, FmtType::Str) => write!(buf, "{}", Value::Float(f)),
+		(None, FmtType::Repr) => write!(buf, "{:#}", Value::Float(f)),
+		(None, FmtType::Exp(true)) => write!(buf, "{:E}", f),
+		(None, FmtType::Exp(false)) => write!(buf, "{:e}", f),
+		(Some(p), FmtType::Str) | (Some(p), FmtType::Repr) => {
+			write!(buf, "{0:.1$}", f, p)
+		}
+		(Some(p), FmtType::Exp(true)) => write!(buf, "{0:.1$E}", f, p),
+		(Some(p), FmtType::Exp(false)) => write!(buf, "{0:.1$e}", f, p),
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for {ty_name}"),
+	};
+	res.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "{e}"))
+}
+
+fn format_complex(
+	cx: Complex64,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	format_float(cx.re, prec, ty, buf, "complex")?;
+	if cx.im < 0.0 {
+		buf.push_char('-')
+	} else {
+		buf.push_char('+')
+	}
+	format_float(cx.im.abs(), prec, ty, buf, "complex")?;
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+fn format_int(
+	n: i64,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+	ty_name: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	if prec.is_some() {
+		throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for {ty_name}")
+	}
+	let res = match ty {
+		FmtType::Str => write!(buf, "{}", Value::Int(n)),
+		FmtType::Repr => write!(buf, "{:#}", Value::Int(n)),
+		FmtType::Hex(caps) => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 16, caps)),
+		FmtType::Oct => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 8, false)),
+		FmtType::Sex => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 6, false)),
+		FmtType::Bin => write!(buf, "{}", to_lstring_radix(n, 2, false)),
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for {ty_name}"),
+	};
+	res.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "{e}"))
+}
+
+fn format_ratio(
+	n: Rational64,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	format_int(*n.numer(), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
+	buf.push_char('/');
+	format_int(*n.denom(), prec, ty, buf, "ratio")?;
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+fn format_value(
+	v: &Value,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	if prec.is_some() {
+		throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for value")
+	}
+	let res = match ty {
+		FmtType::Str => write!(buf, "{}", v),
+		FmtType::Repr => write!(buf, "{:#}", v),
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for value"),
+	};
+	res.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "{e}"))
+}
+
+fn format_string(
+	mut s: &LStr,
+	prec: Option<usize>,
+	ty: FmtType,
+	buf: &mut LString,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	if let Some(prec) = prec {
+		s = &s[..prec]
+	}
+	let res = match ty {
+		FmtType::Str => {
+			buf.push_lstr(s);
+			Ok(())
+		}
+		FmtType::Repr => write!(buf, "{:?}", s),
+		_ => throw!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "invalid format specifier for string"),
+	};
+	res.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR, "{e}"))
+}
+
+fn pad_str(n: usize, c: char, buf: &mut LString) {
+	for _ in 0..n {
+		buf.push_char(c)
+	}
+}
+
+fn format_arg(
+	args: &[Value],
+	faidx: &mut usize,
+	code: &LStr,
+	res: &mut LString,
+) -> Result<()> {
+	if !code.is_utf8() {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+			"code {{{}}}: code contains invalid UTF-8",
+			code
+		)
+	}
+	let fmtcode = FmtParser::new(code).read_format()?;
+
+	let mut buf = LString::new();
+	let fmt_arg = get_arg(args, fmtcode.arg_idx, faidx)?;
+	let prec_val = fmtcode.prec.map(|i| get_val(args, i, faidx)).transpose()?;
+	let width_val = fmtcode.width.map(|i| get_val(args, i, faidx)).transpose()?;
+
+	match fmt_arg {
+		Value::Int(n) => format_int(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf, "integer")?,
+		Value::Ratio(n) => format_ratio(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
+		Value::Float(f) => format_float(*f, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf, "float")?,
+		Value::Complex(n) => format_complex(*n, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
+		Value::String(s) => format_string(s, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
+		v => format_value(v, prec_val, fmtcode.ty, &mut buf)?,
+	}
+
+	let (sign, final_buf) = match fmtcode.sign {
+		FmtSign::Plus => match buf.byte_get(0) {
+			Some(b'+') => ("+", &buf[1..]),
+			Some(b'-') => ("-", &buf[1..]),
+			_ => ("+", &buf[..]),
+		},
+		FmtSign::Minus => match buf.byte_get(0) {
+			Some(b'-') => ("-", &buf[1..]),
+			_ => ("", &buf[..]),
+		},
+		FmtSign::None => ("", &buf[..]),
+	};
+	res.push_str(sign);
+
+	if let Some(w) = width_val {
+		let w = w.saturating_sub(final_buf.len() + sign.len());
+		match fmtcode.align {
+			Some((Align::Left, c)) => {
+				res.push_lstr(final_buf);
+				pad_str(w, c, res);
+			}
+			Some((Align::Center, c)) => {
+				pad_str((w + 1) / 2, c, res);
+				res.push_lstr(final_buf);
+				pad_str(w / 2, c, res);
+			}
+			Some((Align::Right, c)) => {
+				pad_str(w, c, res);
+				res.push_lstr(final_buf);
+			}
+			None => {
+				let c = if matches!(
+					fmt_arg,
+					Value::Int(_) | Value::Float(_) | Value::Ratio(_) | Value::Complex(_)
+				) && fmtcode.sign != FmtSign::None
+				{
+					'0'
+				} else {
+					' '
+				};
+				pad_str(w, c, res);
+				res.push_lstr(final_buf);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		res.push_lstr(final_buf);
+	}
+
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+#[native_func(2, "fmt")]
+pub fn fmt_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, fstr, fargs] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let (Value::String(fstr), Value::List(fargs)) = (&fstr, &fargs) else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"format expected string and list, got {fstr:#} and {fargs:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	let mut res = LString::new();
+	let mut faidx = 0;
+	let mut i = 0;
+	while i < fstr.len() {
+		let b = fstr.byte_at(i);
+		i += 1;
+		if b == b'}' {
+			let Some(b'}') = fstr.byte_get(i) else {
+				throw!(
+					*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+					"unmatched closing brace at byte {}",
+					i - 1
+				)
+			};
+			i += 1;
+			res.push_byte(b);
+		}
+		if b != b'{' {
+			res.push_byte(b);
+			continue
+		}
+		if i >= fstr.len() {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"unclosed format specifier at byte {}",
+				i - 1
+			)
+		}
+		if let Some(b'{') = fstr.byte_get(i) {
+			i += 1;
+			res.push_byte(b);
+			continue
+		}
+		let start = i;
+		while i < fstr.len() && fstr.byte_at(i) != b'}' {
+			i += 1;
+		}
+		if i == fstr.len() {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_FORMAT_ERROR,
+				"unclosed format specifier at byte {}",
+				start - 1
+			)
+		}
+		let code = &fstr[start..i];
+		i += 1;
+		format_arg(&fargs.borrow(), &mut faidx, code, &mut res)?;
+	}
+	Ok(res.into())
+}
+
+pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
+	vm.set_global_name("fmt", fmt_().into());
+}

talc-std/src/io.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
-use std::{io::{BufRead, Write}, os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt, time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH}};
+use std::{
+	io::{BufRead, Write},
+	os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt,
+	sync::Mutex,
+	time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
 
-use talc_lang::{exception::{throw, Result}, lstring::LString, symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, value::Value, vmcall, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{throw, Result},
+	lstring::LString,
+	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	value::Value,
+	vmcall, Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::{unpack_args, SYM_IO_ERROR};
 
+static ENV_LOCK: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn print(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let res = match &args[1] {
@@ -43,14 +56,22 @@ pub fn readln(_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 
 #[native_func(0)]
 pub fn time(_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let time = SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).expect("time went backwards");
+	let time = SystemTime::now()
+		.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+		.expect("time went backwards");
 	Ok(time.as_secs_f64().into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(0)]
 pub fn time_ns(_: &mut Vm, _: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let time = SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).expect("time went backwards");
-	Ok(vec![(time.as_secs() as i64).into(), (time.subsec_nanos() as i64).into()].into())
+	let time = SystemTime::now()
+		.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+		.expect("time went backwards");
+	Ok(vec![
+		(time.as_secs() as i64).into(),
+		(time.subsec_nanos() as i64).into(),
+	]
+	.into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -70,7 +91,10 @@ pub fn env(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "env expected string, got {key:#}")
 	};
 	if key.is_empty() || key.as_bytes().contains(&b'=') || key.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte"
+		)
 	}
 	let val = std::env::var_os(key.to_os_str());
 	match val {
@@ -86,13 +110,25 @@ pub fn setenv(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "setenv expected string, got {key:#}")
 	};
 	if key.is_empty() || key.as_bytes().contains(&b'=') || key.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte"
+		)
 	}
 	let val = val.str();
 	if val.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "environment variable value must not contain a null byte")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"environment variable value must not contain a null byte"
+		)
+	}
+	{
+		let Ok(guard) = ENV_LOCK.lock() else {
+			throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "failed to lock environemnt variables")
+		};
+		unsafe { std::env::set_var(key.to_os_str(), val.to_os_str()) };
+		drop(guard);
 	}
-	std::env::set_var(key.to_os_str(), val.to_os_str());
 	Ok(Value::Nil)
 }
 
@@ -103,13 +139,21 @@ pub fn delenv(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "delenv expected string, got {key:#}")
 	};
 	if key.is_empty() || key.as_bytes().contains(&b'=') || key.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"environment variable must not be empty or contain an equals sign or null byte"
+		)
+	}
+	{
+		let Ok(guard) = ENV_LOCK.lock() else {
+			throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "failed to lock environemnt variables")
+		};
+		unsafe { std::env::remove_var(key.to_os_str()) };
+		drop(guard);
 	}
-	std::env::remove_var(key.to_os_str());
 	Ok(Value::Nil)
 }
 
-
 pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("print", print().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("println", println().into());

talc-std/src/iter.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
 
-use talc_lang::{symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, exception::Result, throw, value::{function::NativeFunc, range::RangeType, HashValue, Value}, vmcall, vmcalliter, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	symbol::{symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{function::NativeFunc, ops::RatioExt, range::RangeType, HashValue, Value},
+	vmcall, vmcalliter, Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
-use crate::{unpack_args, unpack_varargs};
+use crate::unpack_args;
 
 pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	// begin
@@ -26,7 +32,9 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 
 	// join
 	vm.set_global_name("zip", zip().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("zipn", zipn().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("alternate", alternate().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("alternaten", alternaten().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("intersperse", intersperse().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("cartprod", cartprod().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("chain", chain().into());
@@ -48,6 +56,12 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("index_if", index_if().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("find", find().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("count", count().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("mean", mean().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("variance", variance().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("stdev", stdev().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("pvariance", pvariance().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("pstdev", pstdev().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("median", median().into());
 }
 
 //
@@ -79,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn pairs(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 		}
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[pairs]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -87,40 +101,32 @@ pub fn once(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 
 	let v = RefCell::new(Some(val));
-	let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _| {
-		Ok(Value::iter_pack(v.borrow_mut().take()))
-	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _| Ok(Value::iter_pack(v.borrow_mut().take()));
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[once]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn forever(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 
-	let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _| {
-		Ok(val.clone())
-	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	let f = move |_: &mut Vm, _| Ok(val.clone());
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[forever]")).into())
 }
 
 //
 //  chain iteration
 //
 
-
-
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn map(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, map, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
-	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
-		match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		Some(val) => Ok(vmcall!(vm; map.clone(), val)?),
 		None => Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
-		}
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[map]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -128,16 +134,14 @@ pub fn tee(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, tee, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
-	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
-		match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		Some(val) => {
 			vmcall!(vm; tee.clone(), val.clone())?;
 			Ok(val)
 		}
 		None => Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
-		}
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[tee]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(3)]
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn scan(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		*result.borrow_mut() = r.clone();
 		Ok(r)
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[scan]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -163,8 +167,7 @@ pub fn filter(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, filter, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
-	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
-		loop {
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| loop {
 		let Some(next) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? else {
 			return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 		};
@@ -172,19 +175,21 @@ pub fn filter(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		if res.truthy() {
 			return Ok(next)
 		}
-		}
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[filter]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn take(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, count, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(count) = count else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "take expected integer")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "take expected integer, got {count:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(count) = count.try_into() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "take expected nonnegative integer")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"take expected nonnegative integer, got {count:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
@@ -200,17 +205,20 @@ pub fn take(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		*taken.borrow_mut() += 1;
 		Ok(next)
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[take]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn skip(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, count, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(count) = count else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "count expected integer")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "count expected integer, got {count:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(count) = count.try_into() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "count expected nonnegative integer")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"count expected nonnegative integer, got {count:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
@@ -225,7 +233,7 @@ pub fn skip(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		}
 		vmcall!(vm; iter.clone())
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[skip]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -244,10 +252,9 @@ pub fn enumerate(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Ok(Value::from(vec![n.into(), next]))
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[enumerate]")).into())
 }
 
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn cycle(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -279,12 +286,15 @@ pub fn cycle(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		}
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[cycle]")).into())
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
 enum Step {
-	First, Going, #[default] End,
+	First,
+	Going,
+	#[default]
+	End,
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -292,10 +302,13 @@ pub fn step(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, by, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 	let Value::Int(by) = by else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "step expected integer")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "step expected integer, got {by:#}")
 	};
 	if by <= 0 {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "step expected positive integer")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"step expected positive integer, got {by:#}"
+		)
 	}
 
 	let state = RefCell::new(Step::First);
@@ -306,7 +319,7 @@ pub fn step(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 				*state.borrow_mut() = Step::Going;
 			}
 			Ok(Value::iter_pack(res))
-		},
+		}
 		Step::Going => {
 			for _ in 0..(by - 1) {
 				if vmcall!(vm; iter.clone())? == Value::Nil {
@@ -318,10 +331,10 @@ pub fn step(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			};
 			*state.borrow_mut() = Step::Going;
 			Ok(x)
-		},
+		}
 		Step::End => Ok(Value::Nil),
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[step]")).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -339,25 +352,48 @@ pub fn rev(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			*lst.borrow_mut() = Some(l);
 		}
 		Ok(Value::iter_pack(lst.borrow_mut().as_mut().unwrap().pop()))
-
 	};
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[rev]")).into())
 }
 
-
 //
 //  join
 //
 
-
-#[native_func(2..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn zip(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, i1, i2], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
-	let mut iters = Vec::with_capacity(2 + rest.len());
-	for i in [i1, i2].into_iter().chain(rest.into_iter()) {
-		iters.push(i.to_iter_function()?);
+	let [_, i1, i2] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let i1 = i1.to_iter_function()?;
+	let i2 = i2.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
+		let mut res = Vec::with_capacity(2);
+		match vmcalliter!(vm; i1.clone())? {
+			Some(v) => res.push(v),
+			None => return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
+		};
+		match vmcalliter!(vm; i2.clone())? {
+			Some(v) => res.push(v),
+			None => return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
+		};
+		Ok(Value::from(res))
+	};
+
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[zip]")).into())
 }
 
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn zipn(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::List(args) = args else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "zipn expected list, got {args:#}")
+	};
+	let iters = args
+		.borrow()
+		.iter()
+		.map(|i| i.clone().to_iter_function())
+		.collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
 	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
 		let mut res = Vec::with_capacity(iters.len());
 		for i in &iters {
@@ -369,22 +405,53 @@ pub fn zip(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Ok(Value::from(res))
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[zipn]")).into())
 }
 
-#[native_func(2..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn alternate(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, i1, i2], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
-	let mut iters = Vec::with_capacity(2 + rest.len());
-	for i in [i1, i2].into_iter().chain(rest.into_iter()) {
-		iters.push(i.to_iter_function()?);
+	let [_, i1, i2] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let i1 = i1.to_iter_function()?;
+	let i2 = i2.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let state = RefCell::new((false, false));
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
+		let mut s = state.borrow_mut();
+		if s.1 {
+			return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 		}
+		let n = s.0;
+		s.0 = !s.0;
+		drop(s);
+		let iter = if n { i1.clone() } else { i2.clone() };
+		if let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter)? {
+			Ok(v)
+		} else {
+			state.borrow_mut().1 = true;
+			Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
+		}
+	};
+
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[alternate]")).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn alternaten(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::List(args) = args else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "alternaten expected list, got {args:#}")
+	};
+	let iters = args
+		.borrow()
+		.iter()
+		.map(|i| i.clone().to_iter_function())
+		.collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
 	let state = RefCell::new((0, false));
 	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
 		let mut s = state.borrow_mut();
 		if s.1 {
-			return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None));
+			return Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 		}
 		let n = s.0;
 		s.0 = (s.0 + 1) % iters.len();
@@ -397,12 +464,16 @@ pub fn alternate(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		}
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[alternaten]")).into())
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 enum Intersperse {
-	Init, Waiting, HasNext(Value), #[default] End
+	Init,
+	Waiting,
+	HasNext(Value),
+	#[default]
+	End,
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -411,8 +482,7 @@ pub fn intersperse(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
 
 	let state = RefCell::new(Intersperse::Init);
-	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| {
-		match state.take() {
+	let f = move |vm: &mut Vm, _| match state.take() {
 		Intersperse::Init => {
 			if let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 				*state.borrow_mut() = Intersperse::Waiting;
@@ -421,7 +491,7 @@ pub fn intersperse(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 				*state.borrow_mut() = Intersperse::End;
 				Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 			}
-			},
+		}
 		Intersperse::Waiting => {
 			if let Some(v) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 				*state.borrow_mut() = Intersperse::HasNext(v);
@@ -430,19 +500,17 @@ pub fn intersperse(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 				*state.borrow_mut() = Intersperse::End;
 				Ok(Value::iter_pack(None))
 			}
-			},
+		}
 		Intersperse::HasNext(v) => {
 			*state.borrow_mut() = Intersperse::Waiting;
 			Ok(v)
-			},
-			Intersperse::End => Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
 		}
+		Intersperse::End => Ok(Value::iter_pack(None)),
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[intersperse]")).into())
 }
 
-
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn chain(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, iter1, iter2] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -462,7 +530,7 @@ pub fn chain(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		}
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[chain]")).into())
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, Debug)]
@@ -527,17 +595,13 @@ pub fn cartprod(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Ok(Value::from(vec![a_res, b_res]))
 	};
 
-	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0).into())
+	Ok(NativeFunc::new(Box::new(f), 0, symbol!("iter[cart_prod]")).into())
 }
 
-
-
 //
 //  end iteration
 //
 
-
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn list(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -545,7 +609,7 @@ pub fn list(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let mut result = Vec::new();
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		result.push(value);
-	};
+	}
 	Ok(result.into())
 }
 
@@ -556,14 +620,23 @@ pub fn table(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let mut result = HashMap::new();
 	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 		let Value::List(l) = value else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "table expected iterator to yield list")
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"table expected iterator to yield list, got {value:#}"
+			)
 		};
-		let l = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(l).take();
-		let Ok([k, v]): std::result::Result<[Value; 2], Vec<Value>> = l.try_into() else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "table expected iterator to yield list of length 2")
+		let mut l = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(l).take();
+		if l.len() != 2 {
+			throw!(
+				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+				"table: iterator yielded list of length {} (expected 2)",
+				l.len()
+			)
 		};
+		let v = l.pop().unwrap();
+		let k = l.pop().unwrap();
 		result.insert(k.try_into()?, v);
-	};
+	}
 	Ok(result.into())
 }
 
@@ -574,15 +647,16 @@ pub fn len(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::String(s) => return Ok((s.chars().count() as i64).into()),
 		Value::List(l) => return Ok((l.borrow().len() as i64).into()),
 		Value::Table(t) => return Ok((t.borrow().len() as i64).into()),
-		Value::Range(r) if r.ty != RangeType::Endless
-			=> return Ok((r.len().unwrap() as i64).into()),
+		Value::Range(r) if r.ty != RangeType::Endless => {
+			return Ok((r.len().unwrap() as i64).into())
+		}
 		_ => (),
 	}
 	let iter = value.to_iter_function()?;
 	let mut len = 0;
 	while vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())?.is_some() {
 		len += 1;
-	};
+	}
 	Ok(len.into())
 }
 
@@ -701,11 +775,13 @@ pub fn contains(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	for _ in 0.. {
 		match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 			None => return Ok(Value::Nil),
-			Some(v) => if v == val {
+			Some(v) => {
+				if v == val {
 					return Ok(true.into())
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	}
 	Ok(false.into())
 }
 
@@ -717,11 +793,13 @@ pub fn index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	for i in 0.. {
 		match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 			None => return Ok(Value::Nil),
-			Some(v) => if v == val {
+			Some(v) => {
+				if v == val {
 					return Ok(i.into())
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	}
 	Ok(Value::Nil)
 }
 
@@ -733,11 +811,13 @@ pub fn index_if(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	for i in 0.. {
 		match vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
 			None => return Ok(Value::Nil),
-			Some(v) => if vmcall!(vm; func.clone(), v)?.truthy() {
+			Some(v) => {
+				if vmcall!(vm; func.clone(), v)?.truthy() {
 					return Ok(i.into())
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	}
 	Ok(Value::Nil)
 }
 
@@ -775,3 +855,111 @@ pub fn count(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	Ok(map.into())
 }
 
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn mean(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut sum = Value::Float(0.0);
+	let mut count = Value::Int(0);
+	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
+		sum = (sum + value)?;
+		count = (count + Value::from(1))?;
+	}
+	sum / count
+}
+
+fn variance_inner(vm: &mut Vm, iter: Value, pop: bool) -> Result<Value> {
+	let mut m = Value::Float(0.0);
+	let mut s = Value::Float(0.0);
+	let mut k = 1;
+	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
+		let old_m = m.clone();
+		m = (m.clone() + ((value.clone() - m.clone())? / Value::Int(k))?)?;
+		s = (s + ((value.clone() - m.clone())? * (value - old_m)?)?)?;
+		k += 1;
+	}
+	s / Value::Int(k - if pop { 1 } else { 2 })
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn variance(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	variance_inner(vm, iter, false)
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn stdev(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let v = variance_inner(vm, iter, false)?;
+	Ok(match v {
+		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float((n as f64).sqrt()),
+		Value::Float(f) => Value::Float(f.sqrt()),
+		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64().sqrt()),
+		Value::Complex(c) => Value::Complex(c.sqrt()),
+		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "stdev: cannot square root {v:#}"),
+	})
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn pvariance(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	variance_inner(vm, iter, true)
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn pstdev(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let v = variance_inner(vm, iter, true)?;
+	Ok(match v {
+		Value::Int(n) => Value::Float((n as f64).sqrt()),
+		Value::Float(f) => Value::Float(f.sqrt()),
+		Value::Ratio(r) => Value::Float(r.to_f64().sqrt()),
+		Value::Complex(c) => Value::Complex(c.sqrt()),
+		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "stdev: cannot square root {v:#}"),
+	})
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+struct OrdValue(Value);
+impl std::cmp::Eq for OrdValue {}
+
+#[allow(clippy::derive_ord_xor_partial_ord)]
+impl std::cmp::Ord for OrdValue {
+	fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+		self.partial_cmp(other).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Less)
+	}
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn median(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, iter] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let iter = iter.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut vals = Vec::new();
+	while let Some(value) = vmcalliter!(vm; iter.clone())? {
+		vals.push(OrdValue(value));
+	}
+	let count = vals.len();
+	if count == 0 {
+		Ok(Value::Nil)
+	} else if count % 2 == 0 {
+		let (_, _, hi) = vals.select_nth_unstable(count / 2 - 1);
+		let (_, _, _) = hi.select_nth_unstable(0);
+		let m2 = vals.swap_remove(count / 2);
+		let m1 = vals.swap_remove(count / 2 - 1);
+		(m1.0 + m2.0)? / Value::Int(2)
+	} else {
+		let (_, _, _) = vals.select_nth_unstable(count / 2);
+		let m = vals.swap_remove(count / 2);
+		m.0 / Value::Int(1)
+	}
+}

talc-std/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
-use talc_lang::{symbol::{symbol, Symbol}, Vm};
+#![allow(clippy::mutable_key_type)]
 
-pub mod value;
+use talc_lang::{
+	symbol::{symbol, Symbol},
+	Vm,
+};
+
+pub mod collection;
+pub mod exception;
+pub mod file;
+pub mod format;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod iter;
-pub mod exception;
 pub mod num;
-pub mod collection;
-pub mod string;
-pub mod file;
-pub mod regex;
 #[cfg(feature = "random")]
 pub mod random;
+pub mod regex;
+pub mod string;
+pub mod value;
 
 pub fn load_all(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	value::load(vm);
@@ -20,6 +26,7 @@ pub fn load_all(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	num::load(vm);
 	io::load(vm);
 	string::load(vm);
+	format::load(vm);
 	regex::load(vm);
 	file::load(vm);
 	#[cfg(feature = "random")]
@@ -28,9 +35,9 @@ pub fn load_all(vm: &mut Vm) {
 
 lazy_static::lazy_static! {
 	pub static ref SYM_IO_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(io_error);
+	pub static ref SYM_FORMAT_ERROR: Symbol = symbol!(format_error);
 }
 
-
 macro_rules! unpack_args {
 	($e:expr) => {
 		($e).try_into().expect("bypassed arity check")
@@ -38,16 +45,3 @@ macro_rules! unpack_args {
 }
 
 pub(crate) use unpack_args;
-
-macro_rules! unpack_varargs {
-	($e:expr) => {{
-		let mut args = $e;
-		let Value::List(varargs) = args.pop().expect("bypassed arity check") else {
-			panic!("bypassed arity check")
-		};
-		let varargs = ::std::rc::Rc::unwrap_or_clone(varargs).into_inner();
-		(args.try_into().expect("bypassed arity check"), varargs)
-	}};
-}
-
-pub(crate) use unpack_varargs;

talc-std/src/num.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use talc_lang::{exception::Result, lstring::LString, parse_int, symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, throw, value::{ops::RatioExt, Complex64, Value}, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	parser::{parse_int, to_lstring_radix},
+	symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{ops::RatioExt, Complex64, Value},
+	vmcalliter, Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
-use crate::{unpack_args, unpack_varargs};
+use crate::unpack_args;
 
 lazy_static! {
 	static ref SYM_NAN: Symbol = Symbol::get("nan");
@@ -61,10 +68,13 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("from_radix", from_radix().into());
 
 	vm.set_global_name("gcd", gcd().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("gcdn", gcdn().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("lcm", lcm().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("lcmn", lcmn().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("isqrt", isqrt().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("isprime", isprime().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("factors", factors().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("totient", totient().into());
 
 	vm.set_global_name("min", min().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("max", max().into());
@@ -96,6 +106,7 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("cbrt", cbrt().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("ln", ln().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("log2", log2().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("log10", log10().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("exp", exp().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("exp2", exp2().into());
 
@@ -119,42 +130,13 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 //  base conversions
 //
 
-fn to_radix_inner(n: i64, radix: u32, upper: bool) -> LString {
-	let mut result = vec![];
-	let mut begin = 0;
-
-	let mut x;
-	if n < 0 {
-		result.push('-' as u32 as u8);
-		begin = 1;
-		x = (-n) as u64;
-	} else {
-		x = n as u64;
-	}
-
-	loop {
-		let m = x % (radix as u64);
-		x /= radix as u64;
-
-		let mut c = char::from_digit(m as u32, radix).unwrap();
-		if upper { c.make_ascii_uppercase(); }
-		result.push(c as u8);
-		if x == 0 {
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-	result[begin..].reverse();
-	LString::from(result)
-}
-
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn bin(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "bin expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(x, 2, false).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 2, false).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -163,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn sex(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "sex expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(x, 6, false).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 6, false).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -172,7 +154,7 @@ pub fn oct(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "oct expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(x, 8, false).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 8, false).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -181,45 +163,63 @@ pub fn hex(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "hex expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(x, 16, false).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(x, 16, false).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn to_radix(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x, radix] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let (Value::Int(x), Value::Int(radix)) = (&x, &radix) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "to_radix expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"to_radix expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "to_radix expected radix in range 0..=36")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "to_radix expected radix in range 0..=36")
 	}
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(*x, *radix as u32, false).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(*x, *radix as u32, false).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn to_radix_upper(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x, radix] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let (Value::Int(x), Value::Int(radix)) = (&x, &radix) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "to_radix_upper expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"to_radix_upper expected integer arguments, got {x:#} and {radix:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "to_radix_upper expected radix in range 0..=36")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"to_radix_upper expected radix in range 0..=36"
+		)
 	}
-	Ok(to_radix_inner(*x, *radix as u32, true).into())
+	Ok(to_lstring_radix(*x, *radix as u32, true).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
 pub fn from_radix(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s, radix] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let (Value::String(s), Value::Int(radix)) = (&s, &radix) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "from_radix expected string and integer arguments, got {s:#} and {radix:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"from_radix expected string and integer arguments, got {s:#} and {radix:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if *radix < 2 || *radix > 36 {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "from_radix expected radix in range 0..=36")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"from_radix expected radix in range 0..=36"
+		)
 	}
 	match parse_int(s.as_ref(), *radix as u32) {
 		Ok(v) => Ok(v.into()),
-		Err(_) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "string was not a valid integer in given radix"),
+		Err(_) => throw!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"string was not a valid integer in given radix"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +229,9 @@ pub fn from_radix(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 
 fn isqrt_inner(mut n: i64) -> i64 {
 	assert!(n >= 0, "isqrt input should be nonnegative");
-	if n < 2 { return n }
+	if n < 2 {
+		return n
+	}
 
 	let mut c = 0;
 	let mut d = 1 << 62;
@@ -242,8 +244,7 @@ fn isqrt_inner(mut n: i64) -> i64 {
 		if n >= c + d {
 			n -= c + d;
 			c = (c >> 1) + d;
-		}
-		else {
+		} else {
 			c >>= 1;
 		}
 		d >>= 2;
@@ -272,31 +273,35 @@ pub fn gcd_inner(a: i64, b: i64) -> i64 {
 		}
 		b -= a;
 		if b == 0 {
-			return a << z;
+			return a << z
 		}
 		b >>= b.trailing_zeros();
 	}
-
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn isqrt(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isqrt expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isqrt expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if x < 0 {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isqrt: argument must be positive")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "isqrt: argument must be positive")
 	}
 	Ok(isqrt_inner(x).into())
 }
 
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn isprime(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isprime expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isprime expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if x < 2 {
 		return Ok(false.into())
@@ -312,58 +317,96 @@ pub fn isprime(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let lim = isqrt_inner(x);
 	let mut i = 12;
 	while i <= lim + 1 {
-		if x % (i - 1) == 0 { return Ok(false.into()) }
-		if x % (i + 1) == 0 { return Ok(false.into()) }
+		if x % (i - 1) == 0 {
+			return Ok(false.into())
+		}
+		if x % (i + 1) == 0 {
+			return Ok(false.into())
+		}
 		i += 6;
 	}
 	Ok(true.into())
 }
 
-#[native_func(2..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn gcd(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, x, y], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
 	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
 	};
-	let mut g = gcd_inner(x, y);
-	for a in rest {
+	Ok(gcd_inner(x, y).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn gcdn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut g = 0;
+
+	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
 		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcd expected integer argument, got {a:#}")
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "gcdn: cannot take gcd with {a:#}")
 		};
 		g = gcd_inner(g, a);
 	}
+
 	Ok(g.into())
 }
 
-#[native_func(2..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn lcm(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, x, y], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
 	};
 	let Value::Int(y) = y else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {y:#}")
 	};
-	let mut g = gcd_inner(x, y);
-	let mut prod = y;
-	for a in rest {
-		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
-			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcm expected integer argument, got {a:#}")
-		};
-		prod *= a;
-		g = gcd_inner(g, a);
+	let g = gcd_inner(x, y);
+	if g == 0 {
+		Ok(Value::from(0))
+	} else {
+		(Value::from(x) / Value::from(g))? * Value::from(y)
 	}
-	Ok((x/g * prod).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn lcmn(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, args] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let args = args.to_iter_function()?;
+
+	let mut l = 1;
+
+	while let Some(a) = vmcalliter!(vm; args.clone())? {
+		let Value::Int(a) = a else {
+			throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "lcmn: cannot take lcm with {a:#}")
+		};
+		let g = gcd_inner(l, a);
+		if g == 0 {
+			return Ok(Value::from(0))
+		};
+		let new_l = (Value::from(l).int_div(Value::from(g))? * Value::from(a))?;
+		let Value::Int(new_l) = new_l else {
+			unreachable!("int//int * int != int")
+		};
+		l = new_l;
+	}
+
+	Ok(Value::from(l))
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn factors(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(mut x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "factords expected integer argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"factors expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let mut factors = Vec::new();
 	if x <= 1 {
@@ -396,32 +439,77 @@ pub fn factors(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	Ok(factors.into())
 }
 
+fn totient_prime(n: &mut u64, p: u64) -> u64 {
+	if *n % p != 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	*n /= p;
+	let mut v = p - 1;
+	while *n % p == 0 {
+		*n /= p;
+		v *= p;
+	}
+	v
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn totient(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Int(x) = x else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"totient expected integer argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	if x <= 1 {
+		return Ok(1.into())
+	}
+	let mut x = x as u64;
+	let mut totient = 1;
+	if x & 1 == 0 {
+		x >>= 1;
+	}
+	while x & 1 == 0 {
+		x >>= 1;
+		totient <<= 1;
+	}
+	totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, 3);
+	let mut i = 5;
+	while x >= i * i {
+		totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, i);
+		i += 2;
+		totient *= totient_prime(&mut x, i);
+		i += 4;
+	}
+	if x > 1 {
+		totient *= x - 1;
+	}
+	Ok((totient as i64).into())
+}
 
 //
 //  numeric operations
 //
 
-#[native_func(1..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn min(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, mut x], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
-	for val in rest {
-		if val < x {
-			x = val;
-		}
-	}
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
+	if y < x {
+		Ok(y)
+	} else {
 		Ok(x)
 	}
+}
 
-#[native_func(1..)]
+#[native_func(2)]
 pub fn max(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let ([_, mut x], rest) = unpack_varargs!(args);
-	for val in rest {
-		if val > x {
-			x = val;
-		}
-	}
+	let [_, x, y] = unpack_args!(args);
+	if y > x {
+		Ok(y)
+	} else {
 		Ok(x)
 	}
+}
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn floor(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -488,7 +576,7 @@ pub fn sign(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 			Ordering::Greater => Ok(Value::Ratio(1.into())),
 			Ordering::Less => Ok(Value::Ratio((-1).into())),
 			Ordering::Equal => Ok(Value::Ratio(0.into())),
-		}
+		},
 		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "sign expected real argument, got {x:#}"),
 	}
 }
@@ -497,7 +585,6 @@ pub fn sign(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 //  floating-point operations
 //
 
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn signum(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -512,7 +599,10 @@ pub fn classify(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let x = to_floaty(x);
 	let Value::Float(x) = x else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "classify expected real argument, got {x:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"classify expected real argument, got {x:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(match x.classify() {
 		std::num::FpCategory::Nan => *SYM_NAN,
@@ -520,7 +610,8 @@ pub fn classify(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		std::num::FpCategory::Zero => *SYM_ZERO,
 		std::num::FpCategory::Subnormal => *SYM_SUBNORMAL,
 		std::num::FpCategory::Normal => *SYM_NORMAL,
-	}.into())
+	}
+	.into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -530,7 +621,10 @@ pub fn isnan(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::Int(_) | Value::Ratio(_) => Ok(false.into()),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(x.is_nan().into()),
 		Value::Complex(z) => Ok(z.is_nan().into()),
-		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isnan expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"),
+		v => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isnan expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -541,7 +635,10 @@ pub fn isfinite(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::Int(_) | Value::Ratio(_) => Ok(true.into()),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(x.is_finite().into()),
 		Value::Complex(z) => Ok(z.is_finite().into()),
-		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isfinite expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"),
+		v => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isfinite expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -552,7 +649,10 @@ pub fn isinfinite(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::Int(_) | Value::Ratio(_) => Ok(false.into()),
 		Value::Float(x) => Ok(x.is_infinite().into()),
 		Value::Complex(z) => Ok(z.is_infinite().into()),
-		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "isinfinite expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"),
+		v => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"isinfinite expected numeric argument, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -560,7 +660,10 @@ pub fn isinfinite(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn float_to_bits(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Float(f) = val else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "float_to_bits expected float argument, got {val:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"float_to_bits expected float argument, got {val:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(Value::Int(f.to_bits() as i64))
 }
@@ -569,25 +672,28 @@ pub fn float_to_bits(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn float_of_bits(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Int(i) = val else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "float_of_bits expected integer argument, got {val:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"float_of_bits expected integer argument, got {val:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(Value::Float(f64::from_bits(i as u64)))
 }
 
-
-
 //
 //  rational operations
 //
 
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn numer(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, v] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match v {
 		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x)),
 		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Int(*x.numer())),
-		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "numer expected rational argument, got {v:#}"),
+		v => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"numer expected rational argument, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -597,7 +703,10 @@ pub fn denom(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	match v {
 		Value::Int(_) => Ok(Value::Int(1)),
 		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Int(*x.denom())),
-		v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "denom expected rational argument, got {v:#}"),
+		v => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"denom expected rational argument, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -605,8 +714,6 @@ pub fn denom(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 //  complex operations
 //
 
-
-
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn re(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, v] = unpack_args!(args);
@@ -643,34 +750,28 @@ pub fn arg(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn abs(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
-	match x {
-		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x.abs())),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(if x < 0.into() { -x } else { x })),
-		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.abs())),
-		Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.norm())),
-		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "abs expected numeric argument, got {x:#}"),
-	}
+	x.abs()
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn abs_sq(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match x {
-		Value::Int(x) => Ok(Value::Int(x * x)),
-		Value::Ratio(x) => Ok(Value::Ratio(x * x)),
-		Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x * x)),
+		Value::Int(_) => x.clone() * x,
+		Value::Ratio(_) => x.clone() * x,
+		Value::Float(_) => x.clone() * x,
 		Value::Complex(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.norm_sqr())),
-		x => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "abs_sq expected numeric argument, got {x:#}"),
+		x => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"abs_sq expected numeric argument, got {x:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
-
-
 //
 //  continuous operations
 //
 
-
 macro_rules! float_func {
 	($name:ident) => {
 		#[native_func(1)]
@@ -679,8 +780,11 @@ macro_rules! float_func {
 			match to_floaty(v) {
 				Value::Float(x) => Ok(Value::Float(x.$name())),
 				Value::Complex(z) => Ok(Value::Complex(z.$name())),
-				v => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-					"{} expected numeric argument, got {v:#}", stringify!($name)),
+				v => throw!(
+					*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+					"{} expected numeric argument, got {v:#}",
+					stringify!($name)
+				),
 			}
 		}
 	};
@@ -690,6 +794,7 @@ float_func!(sqrt);
 float_func!(cbrt);
 float_func!(ln);
 float_func!(log2);
+float_func!(log10);
 float_func!(exp);
 float_func!(exp2);
 
@@ -710,10 +815,10 @@ float_func!(atanh);
 pub fn atan2(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, y, x] = unpack_args!(args);
 	match (to_floaty(y), to_floaty(x)) {
-		(Value::Float(y), Value::Float(x))
-			=> Ok(Value::Float(x.atan2(y))),
-		(y,x) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"atan2 expected real arguments, got {y:#} and {x:#}"),
+		(Value::Float(y), Value::Float(x)) => Ok(Value::Float(x.atan2(y))),
+		(y, x) => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"atan2 expected real arguments, got {y:#} and {x:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
-

talc-std/src/random.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 use rand::{seq::SliceRandom, Rng};
-use talc_lang::{symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, throw, value::{range::RangeType, Value}, vmcalliter, Vm, exception::Result};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{range::RangeType, Value},
+	vmcalliter, Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::unpack_args;
@@ -22,29 +28,31 @@ pub fn rand_in(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		Value::List(l) => {
 			let l = l.borrow();
 			let Some(v) = l.choose(&mut rand::thread_rng()) else {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty list")
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty list")
 			};
 			Ok(v.clone())
-		},
+		}
 		Value::Table(t) => {
 			let t = t.borrow();
 			if t.is_empty() {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty table")
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty table")
 			};
 			let i = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..t.len());
 			let key = t.keys().nth(i).unwrap();
 			Ok(key.clone().into_inner())
-		},
+		}
 		Value::Range(r) => {
 			if r.is_empty() {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty range")
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty range")
 			}
 			match r.ty {
-				RangeType::Open => Ok(Value::Int(
-					rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..r.stop))),
-				RangeType::Closed => Ok(Value::Int(
-					rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..=r.stop))),
-				RangeType::Endless => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "rand_in: endless range"),
+				RangeType::Open => {
+					Ok(Value::Int(rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..r.stop)))
+				}
+				RangeType::Closed => {
+					Ok(Value::Int(rand::thread_rng().gen_range(r.start..=r.stop)))
+				}
+				RangeType::Endless => throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: endless range"),
 			}
 		}
 		col => {
@@ -54,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn rand_in(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 				values.push(v);
 			}
 			if values.is_empty() {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty iterator")
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "rand_in: empty iterator")
 			}
 			let i = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..values.len());
 			let v = values.swap_remove(i);

talc-std/src/regex.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
-use talc_lang::{exception::{exception, Result}, lstring::LString, symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR}, throw, value::{NativeValue, Value}, Vm};
-use talc_macros::native_func;
-use regex::{Captures, Match, Regex};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use regex::{Captures, Match, Regex};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{exception, Result},
+	lstring::LString,
+	symbol::{Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{NativeValue, Value},
+	Vm,
+};
+use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::unpack_args;
 
@@ -18,17 +25,30 @@ lazy_static! {
 pub struct ValueRegex(Regex);
 
 impl From<Regex> for ValueRegex {
-	fn from(value: Regex) -> Self { Self(value) }
+	fn from(value: Regex) -> Self {
+		Self(value)
+	}
 }
 
 impl From<ValueRegex> for Regex {
-	fn from(value: ValueRegex) -> Self { value.0 }
+	fn from(value: ValueRegex) -> Self {
+		value.0
+	}
 }
 
 impl NativeValue for ValueRegex {
-	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol { *SYM_STD_REGEX }
-	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any { self }
-	fn to_lstring(&self, w: &mut LString, repr: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+	fn get_type(&self) -> Symbol {
+		*SYM_STD_REGEX
+	}
+	fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+		self
+	}
+	fn to_lstring(
+		&self,
+		w: &mut LString,
+		repr: bool,
+		_recur: &mut Vec<*const ()>,
+	) -> std::io::Result<()> {
 		use std::io::Write;
 		if repr {
 			write!(w, "/{}/", self.0)
@@ -58,7 +78,10 @@ fn match_to_value(m: Match) -> Value {
 	Value::new_table(|t| {
 		t.insert((*SYM_START).into(), (m.start() as i64).into());
 		t.insert((*SYM_END).into(), (m.end() as i64).into());
-		t.insert((*SYM_STR).into(), LString::from(m.as_str().to_string()).into());
+		t.insert(
+			(*SYM_STR).into(),
+			LString::from(m.as_str().to_string()).into(),
+		);
 	})
 }
 
@@ -73,27 +96,33 @@ fn regex_from<'a>(v: &'a Value, name: &str) -> Result<Cow<'a, Regex>> {
 	match v {
 		Value::String(s) => {
 			let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-				throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "regex must be valid UTF-8")
+				throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "regex must be valid UTF-8")
 			};
 			Regex::new(s)
 				.map(Cow::Owned)
-				.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid regex: {e}"))
-		},
-		Value::Native(n) if n.get_type() == *SYM_STD_REGEX => {
-			n.as_any().downcast_ref::<ValueRegex>()
+				.map_err(|e| exception!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "invalid regex: {e}"))
+		}
+		Value::Native(n) if n.get_type() == *SYM_STD_REGEX => n
+			.as_any()
+			.downcast_ref::<ValueRegex>()
 			.map(|vr| Cow::Borrowed(&vr.0))
-				.ok_or_else(|| exception!(
-						*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "BEES {name} expected string or regex, got {v:#}"))
-		},
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "{name} expected string or regex, got {v:#}")
+			.ok_or_else(|| {
+				exception!(
+					*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+					"{name} expected string or regex, got {v:#}"
+				)
+			}),
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"{name} expected string or regex, got {v:#}"
+		),
 	}
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn _regex(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, re] = unpack_args!(args);
-	regex_from(&re, "regex")
-		.map(|re| ValueRegex(re.into_owned()).into())
+	regex_from(&re, "regex").map(|re| ValueRegex(re.into_owned()).into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -103,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn matches(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "matches expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "matches")?;
 	Ok(re.is_match(s).into())
@@ -116,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn match_once(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "match_once expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "match_once")?;
 	Ok(re.find(s).map_or(Value::Nil, match_to_value))
@@ -129,10 +158,14 @@ pub fn _match(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "match expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "match")?;
-	Ok(re.find_iter(s).map(match_to_value).collect::<Vec<Value>>().into())
+	Ok(re
+		.find_iter(s)
+		.map(match_to_value)
+		.collect::<Vec<Value>>()
+		.into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(2)]
@@ -142,7 +175,7 @@ pub fn captures_once(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "captures_once expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "captures_once")?;
 	Ok(re.captures(s).map_or(Value::Nil, captures_to_value))
@@ -155,10 +188,14 @@ pub fn captures(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "captures expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "captures")?;
-	Ok(re.captures_iter(s).map(captures_to_value).collect::<Vec<Value>>().into())
+	Ok(re
+		.captures_iter(s)
+		.map(captures_to_value)
+		.collect::<Vec<Value>>()
+		.into())
 }
 
 #[native_func(3)]
@@ -168,13 +205,16 @@ pub fn replace_once(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replace_once expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Value::String(rep) = rep else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replace_once expected string or function, got {rep:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"replace_once expected string or function, got {rep:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let Ok(rep) = rep.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replacement string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "replacement string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "replace_once")?;
 	Ok(LString::from(re.replace(s, rep)).into())
@@ -187,13 +227,16 @@ pub fn replace(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replace expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Value::String(rep) = rep else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replace expected string or function, got {rep:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"replace expected string or function, got {rep:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "search string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let Ok(rep) = rep.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "replacement string must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "replacement string must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "replace")?;
 	Ok(LString::from(re.replace_all(s, rep)).into())
@@ -206,13 +249,13 @@ pub fn split_once(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "split_once expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "string to split must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "string to split must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "split_once")?;
 	let mut parts = re.splitn(s, 2);
 	let (part1, part2) = (
 		LString::from(parts.next().unwrap_or_default()).into(),
-		LString::from(parts.next().unwrap_or_default()).into()
+		LString::from(parts.next().unwrap_or_default()).into(),
 	);
 	Ok(vec![part1, part2].into())
 }
@@ -224,12 +267,9 @@ pub fn split(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "split expected string, got {s:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(s) = s.to_str() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "string to split must be valid UTF-8")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "string to split must be valid UTF-8")
 	};
 	let re = regex_from(&re, "split")?;
-	let parts: Vec<Value> = re.split(s)
-		.map(|s| LString::from(s).into())
-		.collect();
+	let parts: Vec<Value> = re.split(s).map(|s| LString::from(s).into()).collect();
 	Ok(parts.into())
 }
-

talc-std/src/string.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-use talc_lang::{exception::Result, lformat, lstring::LString, symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, throw, value::Value, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::Result,
+	lstring::LString,
+	symbol::{SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::Value,
+	Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::unpack_args;
@@ -17,7 +24,6 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("to_utf8_lossy", to_utf8_lossy().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("str_to_bytes", str_to_bytes().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("str_of_bytes", str_of_bytes().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("format", _format().into());
 }
 
 #[native_func(1)]
@@ -28,10 +34,10 @@ pub fn ord(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	};
 	let mut chars = s.chars();
 	let Some(c) = chars.next() else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "argument to ord must have length 1")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to ord must have length 1")
 	};
 	if chars.next().is_some() {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "argument to ord must have length 1")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to ord must have length 1")
 	};
 	Ok(Value::Int(c as u32 as i64))
 }
@@ -43,10 +49,10 @@ pub fn chr(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "chr expected integer argument, got {i:#}")
 	};
 	let Ok(i) = u32::try_from(i) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "argument to chr is not a valid codepoint")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to chr is not a valid codepoint")
 	};
 	let Some(c) = char::from_u32(i) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "argument to chr is not a valid codepoint")
+		throw!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "argument to chr is not a valid codepoint")
 	};
 	Ok(Value::String(LString::from(c).into()))
 }
@@ -55,7 +61,10 @@ pub fn chr(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn len_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(s) = s else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "len_bytes expected string argument, got {s:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"len_bytes expected string argument, got {s:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(Value::Int(s.len() as i64))
 }
@@ -93,8 +102,10 @@ pub fn starts_with(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let res = match (d, pre) {
 		(Value::List(d), Value::List(pre)) => d.borrow().starts_with(&pre.borrow()),
 		(Value::String(d), Value::String(pre)) => d.starts_with(&pre),
-		(d, pre) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"starts_with expected two lists or strings, got {d:#} and {pre:#}")
+		(d, pre) => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"starts_with expected two lists or strings, got {d:#} and {pre:#}"
+		),
 	};
 	Ok(res.into())
 }
@@ -105,8 +116,10 @@ pub fn ends_with(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let res = match (d, suf) {
 		(Value::List(d), Value::List(suf)) => d.borrow().ends_with(&suf.borrow()),
 		(Value::String(d), Value::String(suf)) => d.ends_with(&suf),
-		(d, suf) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"ends_with expected two lists or strings, got {d:#} and {suf:#}")
+		(d, suf) => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"ends_with expected two lists or strings, got {d:#} and {suf:#}"
+		),
 	};
 	Ok(res.into())
 }
@@ -115,7 +128,10 @@ pub fn ends_with(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn is_utf8(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(s) = s else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(s.is_utf8().into())
 }
@@ -124,7 +140,10 @@ pub fn is_utf8(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn to_utf8(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(s) = s else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	if s.is_utf8() {
 		Ok(s.into())
@@ -137,7 +156,10 @@ pub fn to_utf8(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn to_utf8_lossy(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(s) = s else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"is_utf8 expected string argument, got {s:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(s.to_utf8_lossy().into())
 }
@@ -146,7 +168,10 @@ pub fn to_utf8_lossy(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn str_to_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, s] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::String(s) = s else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "str_to_bytes expected string argument, got {s:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"str_to_bytes expected string argument, got {s:#}"
+		)
 	};
 	Ok(s.as_bytes()
 		.iter()
@@ -159,47 +184,21 @@ pub fn str_to_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn str_of_bytes(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, b] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::List(b) = b else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "str_of_bytes expected list argument, got {b:#}")
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"str_of_bytes expected list argument, got {b:#}"
+		)
 	};
-	let bytes: Vec<u8> = b.borrow().iter()
+	let bytes: Vec<u8> = b
+		.borrow()
+		.iter()
 		.map(|v| match v {
 			Value::Int(i) if (0..=255).contains(i) => Ok(*i as u8),
-			_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "str_of_bytes expected list of integers in 0..=255"),
-		}).collect::<Result<Vec<u8>>>()?;
+			_ => throw!(
+				*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+				"str_of_bytes expected list of integers in 0..=255"
+			),
+		})
+		.collect::<Result<Vec<u8>>>()?;
 	Ok(LString::from(bytes).into())
 }
-
-#[native_func(2)]
-pub fn _format(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
-	let [_, fstr, fargs] = unpack_args!(args);
-	let (Value::String(fstr), Value::List(fargs)) = (&fstr, &fargs) else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "format expected string and list, got {fstr:#} and {fargs:#}")
-	};
-	let mut res = LString::new();
-	let mut bytes = fstr.bytes();
-	let mut faidx = 0;
-	while let Some(b) = bytes.next() {
-		if b == b'%' {
-			match bytes.next() {
-				Some(b'%') => res.push_byte(b'%'),
-				Some(b @ (b'#' | b'?')) => {
-					let fargs = fargs.borrow();
-					let Some(a) = fargs.get(faidx) else {
-						throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "not enough args for format string")
-					};
-					faidx += 1;
-					if b == b'?' {
-						res += &lformat!("{a:#}");
-					} else {
-						res += &lformat!("{a}");
-					}
-
-				},
-				_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "invalid format code")
-			}
-		} else {
-			res.push_byte(b);
-		}
-	}
-	Ok(res.into())
-}

talc-std/src/value.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
 
-use talc_lang::{exception::{exception, Result}, lformat, parse_float, parse_int, symbol::SYM_TYPE_ERROR, throw, value::{ops::RatioExt, HashValue, Rational64, Value}, Vm};
+use talc_lang::{
+	exception::{exception, Result},
+	lformat,
+	parser::{parse_float, parse_int},
+	symbol::{symbol, Symbol, SYM_TYPE_ERROR, SYM_VALUE_ERROR},
+	throw,
+	value::{ops::RatioExt, HashValue, Rational64, Value},
+	Vm,
+};
 use talc_macros::native_func;
 
 use crate::unpack_args;
@@ -14,18 +22,27 @@ pub fn load(vm: &mut Vm) {
 	vm.set_global_name("str", str_().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("repr", repr().into());
 
+	vm.set_global_name("symbol_name", symbol_name().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("symbol_of", symbol_of().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("symbol_exists", symbol_exists().into());
+
 	vm.set_global_name("cell", cell().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("uncell", uncell().into());
 	vm.set_global_name("cell_replace", cell_replace().into());
-	vm.set_global_name("cell_take", cell_replace().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("cell_take", cell_take().into());
+
+	vm.set_global_name("func_state", func_state().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("func_arity", func_arity().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("func_name", func_name().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("apply", apply().into());
+	vm.set_global_name("compile", compile().into());
 }
 
 //
 //  types
 //
 
-
-#[native_func(1)]
+#[native_func(1, "type")]
 pub fn type_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 	Ok(val.get_type().into())
@@ -40,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn is(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	Ok((val.get_type() == ty).into())
 }
 
-#[native_func(2)]
+#[native_func(2, "as")]
 pub fn as_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val, ty] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Symbol(ty) = ty else {
@@ -64,59 +81,75 @@ pub fn as_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 		(Value::Ratio(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.to_f64().into())),
 		(Value::Float(x), b"int") => Ok(Value::Int(x as i64)),
 		(Value::Float(x), b"ratio") => {
-			let r = Rational64::approximate_float(x)
-				.ok_or_else(|| exception!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "float {x:?} could not be converted to ratio"))?;
+			let r = Rational64::approximate_float(x).ok_or_else(|| {
+				exception!(
+					*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+					"float {x:?} could not be converted to ratio"
+				)
+			})?;
 			Ok(Value::Ratio(r))
 		}
 		(Value::Float(x), b"complex") => Ok(Value::Complex(x.into())),
 
-		(Value::String(s), b"int")
-			=> parse_int(s.as_ref(), 10)
+		(Value::String(s), b"int") => parse_int(s.as_ref(), 10)
 			.map(i64::into)
-			.map_err(|_| exception!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "could not parse {s:#} as integer")),
+			.map_err(|_| exception!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "could not parse {s:#} as integer")),
 
-		(Value::String(s), b"float")
-			=> parse_float(s.as_ref())
+		(Value::String(s), b"float") => parse_float(s.as_ref())
 			.map(f64::into)
-			.map_err(|_| exception!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "could not parse {s:#} as float")),
+			.map_err(|_| exception!(*SYM_VALUE_ERROR, "could not parse {s:#} as float")),
 
-		(v, _) => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"cannot convert value of type {} to type {}", v.get_type().name(), ty.name())
+		(v, _) => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"cannot convert value of type {} to type {}",
+			v.get_type().name(),
+			ty.name()
+		),
 	}
 }
 
 pub fn copy_inner(value: Value) -> Result<Value> {
 	match value {
-		Value::Nil | Value::Bool(_) | Value::Symbol(_)
-			| Value::Int(_) | Value::Ratio(_) | Value::Float(_)
-			| Value::Complex(_) | Value::Range(_) | Value::String(_)
-			=> Ok(value),
+		Value::Nil
+		| Value::Bool(_)
+		| Value::Symbol(_)
+		| Value::Int(_)
+		| Value::Ratio(_)
+		| Value::Float(_)
+		| Value::Complex(_)
+		| Value::Range(_)
+		| Value::String(_) => Ok(value),
 		Value::Cell(c) => {
 			let c = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(c).take();
 			let c = copy_inner(c)?;
 			Ok(RefCell::new(c).into())
-		},
+		}
 		Value::List(l) => {
 			let l = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(l).take();
-			let v: Result<Vec<Value>> = l.into_iter()
-				.map(copy_inner)
-				.collect();
+			let v: Result<Vec<Value>> = l.into_iter().map(copy_inner).collect();
 			Ok(v?.into())
-		},
+		}
 		Value::Table(t) => {
 			let t = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(t).take();
-			let v: Result<HashMap<HashValue, Value>> = t.into_iter()
+			let v: Result<HashMap<HashValue, Value>> = t
+				.into_iter()
 				.map(|(k, v)| copy_inner(v).map(|v| (k, v)))
 				.collect();
 			Ok(v?.into())
-		},
+		}
 		Value::Native(ref n) => match n.copy_value()? {
 			Some(x) => Ok(x),
-			None => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"cannot copy value of type {}", value.get_type().name())
-		}
-		_ => throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
-			"cannot copy value of type {}", value.get_type().name())
+			None => throw!(
+				*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+				"cannot copy value of type {}",
+				value.get_type().name()
+			),
+		},
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"cannot copy value of type {}",
+			value.get_type().name()
+		),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -130,8 +163,7 @@ pub fn copy(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 //  strings
 //
 
-
-#[native_func(1)]
+#[native_func(1, "str")]
 pub fn str_(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
 	Ok(lformat!("{val}").into())
@@ -144,9 +176,42 @@ pub fn repr(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 }
 
 //
-//  cells
+//  symbols
 //
 
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn symbol_name(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::Symbol(s) = val else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "symbol_name: expected symbol")
+	};
+	Ok(s.name().into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn symbol_of(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::String(s) = val else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "symbol_of: expected string")
+	};
+	Ok(Symbol::get(s.as_ref()).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn symbol_exists(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, val] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::String(s) = val else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "symbol_of: expected string")
+	};
+	match Symbol::try_get(s.as_ref()) {
+		Some(s) => Ok(s.into()),
+		None => Ok(Value::Nil),
+	}
+}
+
+//
+//  cells
+//
 
 #[native_func(1)]
 pub fn cell(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -158,7 +223,7 @@ pub fn cell(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn uncell(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, cell] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Cell(cell) = cell else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "value is not a cell")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "uncell: value is not a cell")
 	};
 	Ok(Rc::unwrap_or_clone(cell).into_inner())
 }
@@ -167,7 +232,7 @@ pub fn uncell(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn cell_replace(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, cell, value] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Cell(cell) = cell else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "value is not a cell")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cell_replace: value is not a cell")
 	};
 	Ok(cell.replace(value))
 }
@@ -176,8 +241,90 @@ pub fn cell_replace(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 pub fn cell_take(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
 	let [_, cell] = unpack_args!(args);
 	let Value::Cell(cell) = cell else {
-		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "value is not a cell")
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "cell_take: value is not a cell")
 	};
 	Ok(cell.replace(Value::Nil))
 }
 
+//
+//  functions
+//
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn func_state(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, func] = unpack_args!(args);
+	match func {
+		Value::NativeFunc(_) => Ok(Value::Nil),
+		Value::Function(f) => {
+			let l: Vec<Value> = f.state.iter().map(|v| Value::Cell(v.clone())).collect();
+			Ok(l.into())
+		}
+		_ => throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"closure_state: {func:#} is not a talc function"
+		),
+	}
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn func_arity(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, func] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Some(attrs) = func.func_attrs() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "closure_state: {func:#} is not a function")
+	};
+	Ok((attrs.arity as i64).into())
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn func_name(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, func] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Some(attrs) = func.func_attrs() else {
+		throw!(*SYM_TYPE_ERROR, "closure_state: {func:#} is not a function")
+	};
+	if let Some(name) = attrs.name {
+		Ok(name.into())
+	} else {
+		Ok(Value::Nil)
+	}
+}
+
+#[native_func(2)]
+pub fn apply(vm: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, func, lst] = unpack_args!(args);
+	if func.func_attrs().is_none() {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"apply: first argument must be a function, found {func:#}"
+		)
+	}
+	let Value::List(l) = lst else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"apply: second argument must be a list, found {lst:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	let mut args = l.borrow().clone();
+	args.insert(0, func.clone());
+	vm.call_value(func, args)
+}
+
+#[native_func(1)]
+pub fn compile(_: &mut Vm, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+	let [_, src] = unpack_args!(args);
+	let Value::String(src) = src else {
+		throw!(
+			*SYM_TYPE_ERROR,
+			"compile: argument must be a string, found {src:#}"
+		)
+	};
+	let src = src.to_str().map_err(|e| {
+		exception!(
+			*SYM_VALUE_ERROR,
+			"compile: argument must be valid unicode ({e})"
+		)
+	})?;
+	let ast = talc_lang::parser::parse(src)
+		.map_err(|e| exception!(symbol!("parse_error"), "{e}"))?;
+	let func = talc_lang::compiler::compile(&ast, None);
+	Ok(func.into())
+}